scholarly journals Cognitive and neural bases of decision-making causing civilian casualties during intergroup conflict

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochun Han ◽  
Shuai Zhou ◽  
Nardine Fahoum ◽  
Taoyu Wu ◽  
Tianyu Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Psychological Constructs ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Frontal Activity ◽  
International Laws ◽  
Neural Bases ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractCivilian casualties occur during military attacks. Such “collateral damage” is prohibited by international laws but increases with substantial consequences when intergroup conflict escalates. Here, we investigate cognitive and neural bases of decision-making processes resulting in civilian harm, using a task that simulates punishment decision-making during intergroup conflict. We test two groups of Chinese participants in a laboratory setting, and two ethnic groups (Jewish and Palestinian) in Israel. The results dissociate two psychological constructs, harm preference and harm avoidance, which respectively characterize punishment decision-making related to outgroup combatants and outgroup noncombatants during intergroup conflict. In particular, individuals show decreased avoidance of harming outgroup noncombatants when conflict escalates. Brain imaging (functional magnetic resonance imaging) reveals that decreased harm avoidance is predicted by inhibition of the left middle frontal activity during selection of punishment decisions. Our findings provide insight into the cognitive and neural bases of decision-making involving civilian harm during intergroup conflict.

Decision Making Approaches for Advanced Manufacturing Technology Evaluation and Selection

2012 ◽  
pp. 403-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aidé Maldonado-Macías ◽  
Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz ◽  
Francisco Javier Marrodan Esparza ◽  
Carlos Alberto Ochoa Ortiz Zezzatti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Complex Decision Making ◽  
Broad Variety ◽  
Complex Decision ◽  
Selection Of

Advanced Manufacturing Technology (AMT) constitutes one of the most important resources of manufacturing companies to achieve success in an extremely competitive world. Decision making processes for the Evaluation and Selection of AMT in these companies must lead to the best alternative available. Industry is looking for a combination of flexibility and high quality by doing significant investments in AMT. The proliferation of this technology has generated a whole field of knowledge related to the design, evaluation and management of AMT systems which includes a broad variety of methodologies and applications. This chapter presents a theoretical review of the term AMT, its diverse classification and a collection of the most effective multi-attribute models and methodologies available to support these processes. Relevant advantages are found in these models since they can manage complex decision making problems which involve large amount of information and attributes. These attributes frequently can be tangible and intangible when vagueness and uncertainty exist. There are several multi-attribute methodologies which are extensively known and used in literature; nevertheless, a new fuzzy multi-attribute axiomatic design approach is explained for an ergonomic compatibility evaluation of AMT.

Developing Regional Tourism Using Information Communications Technology

2008 ◽  
pp. 911-919
Author(s):  
Dean Carson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Information Communications Technology ◽  
Regional Tourism ◽  
Effective Exchange ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Tourism And Hospitality ◽  
Selection Of

Tourism and hospitality industries are heavily reliant on the effective exchange of information between suppliers, intermediaries, regulatory and marketing agencies, and consumers (Sheldon, 1999). Many technologies may be employed to facilitate this exchange, with the selection of the most appropriate technologies in any given circumstance depending on issues such as the proximity of agents; the extent to which information is dynamic; and the application of information as part of business or decision-making processes.

scholarly journals Attributes-Based Decision Making for Selection of Requirement Elicitation Techniques Using the Analytic Network Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Jinyu Li ◽  
Asif Ullah ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Shah Nazir ◽  
Habib Ullah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Multicriteria Decision Making ◽  
Requirement Engineering ◽  
Analytic Network Process ◽  
Software Project ◽  
Requirement Elicitation ◽  
Network Process ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Selection Of

Requirement engineering is the first phase of software engineering. In requirement engineering, the first phase is requirement elicitation (RE), which is the most critical and error-prone activity. In this phase, the requirements are extracted from various sources; after extraction, they are analyzed and documented for a specific purpose of software development. In RE, process requirements from stakeholders are gathered, upon which the entire software product failure and success are dependent. In order to accomplish the goal of requirement elicitation, various techniques are used. However, the selection of these techniques is a very challenging task, as one technique may suit a situation but may not be suited for other situations. Besides this, project attributes such as documentation culture of organization, degree of relationship among stakeholders, and familiarity to domain also have a great impact on the process of technique selection. The reason is that there is no empirical value of the techniques that provide help in techniques selection to analyze the basis software project attributes. This study proposed the analytic network process, which is one of the multicriteria decision making processes for the elicitation technique selection process with respect to criterion attributes of project. The motivation toward the use of the ANP approach for the selection of requirement selection technique is that there are dependencies existing among attributes of the project elements. So, the ANP approach is capable of dealing with such situations where dependencies and complexity occur. Results of the proposed study demonstrate that the technique helps in complex situations where decision making is difficult based on the alternatives.

Diagnostic conversations: Clinical Decision Making in surgery – Part 2

Diagnosis ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Allan Watters ◽  
Spencer Wynyard Beasley ◽  
Wendy Crebbin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Learning Opportunities ◽  
Clinical Decisions ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Royal Australasian College ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

AbstractProceduralists who fail to review their decision making are unlikely to learn from their experiences, irrespective of whether the operative outcome is successful or not. Teaching junior surgeons to develop ‘insight’ into their own decision making has long been a challenge. Surgeons and staff of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons worked together to develop a model to help explain the processes around clinical decision making and incorporated this model into a Clinical Decision Making (CDM) training course. In this course, faculty apply the model to specific surgical cases, within the model’s framework of how clinical decisions are made; thus providing an opportunity to identify specific decision making processes as they occur and to highlight some of the learning opportunities they provide. The conversation in this paper illustrates the kinds of case-based interactions which typically occur in the development and teaching of the CDM course.The focus in this, the second of two papers, is on reviewing post-operative clinical decisions made in relation to one case, to improve the quality of subsequent decision making.

scholarly journals Analyzing How Discursive Practices Affect Physicians’ Decision-Making Processes: A Phenomenological-Based Qualitative Study in Critical Care Contexts

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 004695801773196
Author(s):  
Luigina Mortari ◽  
Roberta Silva
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Discursive Practices ◽  
Health Care Practices ◽  
Common Framework ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Care Practices ◽  
Icu Physicians ◽  
Insight Into

An intensive care unit (ICU) is a demanding environment, defined by significant complexity, in which physicians must make decisions in situations characterized by high levels of uncertainty. This study used a phenomenological approach to investigate the decision-making (DM) processes among ICU physicians’ team with the aim of understanding what happens when ICU physicians must reach a decision about the infectious status of a patient. The focus was put on the identification of how the discursive practices influence physicians’ DM processes and on how different ICU environments make different discursive profiles emerge, particularly when a key issue is at the center of the physicians’ discussion. A naturalistic approach used in this study is particularly suitable for investigating health care practices because it can best illuminate the essential meaning of the “lived experiences” of the participants. The findings revealed a common framework of elements that provide insight into DM processes in ICUs and how these are affected by discursive practices.

scholarly journals The geopolitical dimension of gas security in the European Union

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-73
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Rosicki
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Member States ◽  
Supply Disruptions ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Selection Of

The objective scope of the analysis performed in the text encompasses the energy security in the European Union and its member states, and includes the perspective of geopolitical conditions. The geopolitical conditions should be understood as a variety of relations between geographical conditions and decision-making processes concerned with energy security. The main objective of the text is to present a selection of theoretical problems encountered in the study of energy security, as well as to link them with such issues as gas import dependence and the risk of gas supply disruptions, mainly from the Russian direction. In order to elaborate the objective scope of analysis, the following research questions are presented: (1) To what extent do geographical conditions determine decision-making processes in the energy policy pursued by the European Union?; and (2) To what extent do geographical conditions determine threats to the security of gas supplies to the European Union and its member states? The text is chiefly an overview, but the theoretical part loosely makes use of the premises of the research program concerned with the integration of knowledge as part of the studies of energy security and energy transitions, presented by E. Brutschina, A. Cherp, J. Jewell, B. K. Sovacool and V. Vinichenka. Additionally, knowledge contained in the literature on energy and gas security has been synthesized and enriched with a critical approach, and the author’s own assessments and conclusions.

scholarly journals Grouping and analysis of chair quality and their basic elements

2009 ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusan Skakic ◽  
Igor Dzincic
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Method ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Numerical Optimization ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Engineering Practice ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Selection Of

Both the scientific experience and the engineering practice indicate that the decision making processes in the course of solving complex designing problems require an analysis of a great number of different construction variants. These types of decision-making processes are time consuming and do not always result in the selection of an optimal solution. That is why the methods of numerical optimization are applied in a wide range of technical sciences to assist in the selection of the best solution. The first step in solving the problem by using the Finite element method is to determine the type of chair earmarked for modeling, and to determine the dimensions of the chair elements.

scholarly journals Environmental Justice in India: The National Green Tribunal and Expert Members

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitanjali Nain Gill
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Environmental Justice ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Environmental Disputes ◽  
Scientific Experts ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Technical Expert ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThis article argues that the involvement of technical experts in decision making promotes better environmental results while simultaneously recognizing the uncertainty in science. India’s record as a progressive jurisdiction in environmental matters through its proactive judiciary is internationally recognized. The neoteric National Green Tribunal of India (NGT) – officially described as a ‘specialised body equipped with necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues’ – is a forum which offers greater plurality for environmental justice. The NGT, in exercising wide powers, is staffed by judicial and technical expert members who decide cases in an open forum. The experts are ‘central’, rather than ‘marginal’, to the NGT’s decision-making process.This article draws on theoretical insights developed by Lorna Schrefler and Peter Haas to analyze the role of scientific experts as decision makers within the NGT. Unprecedented interview access provides data that grants an insight into the internal decision-making processes of the five benches of the NGT. Reported cases, supported by additional comments of bench members, illustrate the wider policy impact of scientific knowledge and its contribution to the NGT’s decision-making process.

scholarly journals PENERAPAN METODE WEIGHTED PRODUCT SEBAGAI PENDUKUNG KEPUTUSAN SELEKSI KARYAWAN BARU PT. HI-LEX INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Frieyadie Frieyadie ◽  
Fariati Fariati
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Recruitment Process ◽  
Employee Recruitment ◽  
Product Method ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Health Test ◽  
Prospective Employee ◽  
Selection Of

Acceptance of employees in each company is an activity that is always carried out in a certain period or incidentally. This recruitment process requires a decision-making process as well as other decision-making processes in different contexts. In the context of employee recruitment, a number of prospective employees submit themselves by providing all required files and they may also be tested in writing or interview. The method that I use in this study is using a weighted product and quantitatively calculated. From the results of the research that has been done is obtained the best candidates from 10 households. Based on the results of the research conducted where the selection of assessment weights can be developed with other criteria according to company needs, the use of the Weighted Product method is more accurate to obtain the calculation of criteria weight, the results of calculations using the Weighted Product method, by reference to interview test criteria, tests psychological test, health test, work experience, recent education, age and appearance, then 1 (one) prospective employee is chosen, named Sukirman who will become an employee at PT.Hi-Lex Indonesia.

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