scholarly journals Maternal transfer of neutralizing antibodies to OspA after oral vaccination of the rodent reservoir

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn O’Connell ◽  
Nisha Nair ◽  
Kamalika Samanta ◽  
Jose F. Azevedo ◽  
Grant D. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Maternal Transfer ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibody Persistence ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
New Evidence

AbstractLyme Disease presents unique challenges for public health efforts. We hypothesized that transfer of protective antibodies between mothers and offspring should occur after oral vaccination of C3H-HeN mice with E. coli overexpressing OspA. We present new evidence for maternal transfer of vaccine induced neutralizing anti-OspA IgG antibodies to mouse pups through ingestion of colostrum. Protective levels of OspA antibodies in pups were present from 2-5 weeks after birth and they persisted in some mice until 9 weeks of age. This was corroborated by detection of neutralizing antibodies in the serum of all pups at 2-3 weeks after birth and in some mice at 9 weeks of age. A clear association was found between robust antibody responses in mothers and the length of antibody persistence in the respective pups using a novel longitudinal Bayesian model. These factors are likely to impact the enzootic cycle of B. burgdorferi when reservoir targeted OspA-based vaccination interventions are implemented.

scholarly journals Maternal transfer of neutralizing antibodies to B. burgdorferi OspA after oral vaccination of the rodent reservoir

Vaccine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Phillip ◽  
Nisha Nair ◽  
Kamalika Samanta ◽  
Jose F. Azevedo ◽  
Grant D. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Maternal Transfer ◽  
Oral Vaccination

scholarly journals Can we predict antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2? A cohort analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Gaeddert ◽  
Philip Kitchen ◽  
Tobias Broger ◽  
Stefan Weber ◽  
Ralf Bartenschlager ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
High Antibody ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Median Increase ◽  
Antibody Titers

AbstractBackgroundAfter infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and virus-specific neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) develop. This study describes antibody responses in a cohort of recovered COVID-19 patients to identify predictors.MethodsWe recruited patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection from Heidelberg, Germany. Blood samples were collected three weeks after COVID-19 symptoms ended. Participants with high antibody titers were invited for follow-up visits. IgG titers were measured by the Euroimmun Assay, and nAbs titers in a SARS-CoV-2 infection-based assay.Results281 participants were enrolled between April and August 2020 with IgG testing, 145 (51.6%) had nAbs, and 35 (12.5%) had follow-up. The median IgG optical density (OD) ratio was 3.1 (Interquartile range (IQR) 1.6-5.1), and 24.1% (35/145) had a nAb titer>1:80. Higher IgG titers were associated with increased age and more severe disease, and higher nAbs were associated with male gender and CT-value of 25-30 on RT-PCR at diagnosis. The median IgG OD ratio on follow-up was 3.7 (IQR 2.9-5.9), a median increase of 0.5 (IQR −0.3-1.7). Six participants with follow-up nAbs all had titers ≤ 1:80.ConclusionsWhile age and disease severity were correlated with IgG responses, predictive factors for nAbs in convalescent patients remain unclear.

Regulation of humoral immunity in rats by pituitary hormones

1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Istvan Berczi ◽  
Eva Nagy ◽  
Kalman Kovacs ◽  
Eva Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Formation ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Humoral Immune Responses ◽  
Hypophysectomized Rats

Abstract. Hypophysectomized female Fischer 344 and Wistar-Furth rats had severely impaired primary and secondary antibody responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Mercaptoethanol-sensitive (IgM) and mercaptoethanol-resistant (IgG) antibodies were similarly affected. Titers to E. Coli 055:B5 lipopolysaccharide were also significantly decreased in such animals. The antibody response of hypophysectomized rats could be restored by syngeneic pituitary grafts when placed under the kidney capsule or by prolactin treatment. Growth hormone was less effective in this respect than prolactin. Treatment of normal rats with ACTH suppressed their antibody formation to SRBC. These results indicate that the pituitary gland has the potential to regulate humoral immune responses.

scholarly journals Maternal transfer of IgA and IgG SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies transplacentally and via breastfeeding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad M. Sajadi ◽  
Narjes Shokatpour ◽  
Allison Bathula ◽  
Zahra Tehrani ◽  
Allison Lankford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Titer ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Maternal Transfer ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Breastfed Infants

Although there have been many studies on antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in breastmilk, very few have looked at the fate of these in the baby. We carried out a study in 22 mother/baby pairs (mothers who breastfed and who were SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated before or after delivery) looking at mother blood, mother milk, baby blood, baby nose, and baby stool. Breastfed infants only acquired systemic anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies if their mothers were vaccinated antepartum. None of the infants had SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in the blood, but surprisingly, half of the infants in the Antepartum group had high titer SARS-CoV-2-specific IgA in the nose that exceeded titers found in breastmilk. Vaccination antepartum followed by breastfeeding appears to be the best way to provide systemic and local anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies for infants.

scholarly journals Neonatal administration of idiotype or antiidiotype primes for protection against Escherichia coli K13 infection in mice.

1984 ◽  
Vol 160 (4) ◽  
pp. 1001-1011 ◽  
Author(s):  
K E Stein ◽  
T Söderström
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Dual Function ◽  
Capsular Polysaccharides ◽  
Microbial Infection ◽  
Passive Protection ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Live Bacteria ◽  
Neonatal Administration

Antibodies directed against the capsular polysaccharides (Ps) of encapsulated pathogenic bacteria can protect the host against infection with such organisms. The immune response to Ps, however, does not develop until relatively late in ontogeny. We have, therefore, studied alternative ways to stimulate anti-Ps antibody responses in neonates, namely priming with idiotype (Id) and anti-Id. We believe that these studies provide the first demonstration of the use of an anti-Id antibody to prime for protection against a bacterial infection and the first demonstration of the ability of a monoclonal anti-Id to prime for protection against any microbial infection. We have used a monoclonal IgM Id, anti-K13 capsular antibody, and a monoclonal IgG1 anti-Id in studies of the effects of administration of anti-Id or Id within 24 h after birth on the ability of mice to respond to subsequent immunization and challenge with live bacteria. These studies show that neonatal administration of 1 micrograms of Id or 50 ng of anti-Id lead to significantly enhanced protection in mice immunized at 4 wk of age and challenged at 5 wk with an intraperitoneal injection of 20-30 LD50 of E. coli 06:K13:H1, as compared with unprimed or antigen (Ps)-primed controls. Mice primed at birth, immunized at 12 wk of age, a time when they can respond fully to Ps itself, and challenged 1 wk later, were still significantly protected by anti-Id priming but no longer showed the effects of Id. We conclude that administration of protective Id early in life may serve a dual function in providing immediate passive protection as well as priming for protective antibodies upon subsequent antigen exposure.

scholarly journals Study of neutralizing [anti-RBD] antibody responses induced by COVID-19 vaccines in healthcare professionals in a diagnostic centre of Central India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Ranjana Hawaldar ◽  
Sadhna Sodani ◽  
Varsha Sodani ◽  
R K Sodani
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Booster Dose ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Central India ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Post Vaccination

India began administration of COVID-19 vaccines on 16 January 2021. Reliable quantification of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is highly relevant for identifying possible vaccine efficiency and estimating the time of protection. Healthcare Professionals were the first group of beneficiaries of this vaccine. we aimed to evaluate the neutralizing [anti-RBD] antibody responses induced by COVID-19 vaccines after first and booster dose in healthcare professionals 69 healthcare professionals [HCPs] Were enrolled for the evaluation study. The COVISHILED vaccine developed by AstraZeneca, University of Oxford and manufactured and distributed in India by the Serum Institute of India was administered to all the participants. All participants were evaluated to detect levels neutralizing IgG antibodies on three occasions:,first pre vaccination level, second on approximately 27th day and third on 68th day from baselining & first vaccine dose to assess change in levels of neutralizing IgG antibodies post vaccination On approximately 27 day from first vaccine dose, 45 out of 51 participants in investigational cohort were sero-converted for anti-RBD antibodies. Out of 6 participants that were yet to sero-convert 5 demonstrated increased level of neutralizing [anti-RBD] antibodies but did not cross the reactivity threshold to confirm presence of neutralizing [anti-RBD] antibodies. On approximately 68 day from second vaccine dose, 49 out of 51 participants in investigational cohort were sero-converted for anti-RBD antibodies. 4 additional participants sero-converted post booster dose .96.0% produced neutralizing [anti-RBD] antibodies post vaccination. 2 participants continued to remain non-reactive.This is the first data of serological responses to COVID-19 vaccines in IBD patients with detailed analysis of antibodies RBD/spike proteins represented amongst HCPs from central India. Study also demonstrates that the level of neutralizing antibodies produced may vary due to several contributing factors and hence periodic monitoring of neutralizing antibodies before and post vaccination can help evaluate adaptive immune response induced by specific individual in response to vaccine administered.

scholarly journals Dynamics and significance of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita S Iyer ◽  
Forrest K Jones ◽  
Ariana Nodoushania ◽  
Meagan Kelly ◽  
Margaret Becker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Onset ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Recent Infection ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Highly Correlated

BACKGROUND Characterizing the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and developing accurate serologic assays are needed for diagnostic purposes and estimating population-level seroprevalence. METHODS We measured the kinetics of early antibody responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 in a cohort of 259 symptomatic North American patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (up to 75 days after symptom onset) compared to antibody levels in 1548 individuals whose blood samples were obtained prior to the pandemic. RESULTS Between 14-28 days from onset of symptoms, IgG, IgA, or IgM antibody responses to RBD were all accurate in identifying recently infected individuals, with 100% specificity and a sensitivity of 97%, 91%, and 81% respectively. Although the estimated median time to becoming seropositive was similar across isotypes, IgA and IgM antibodies against RBD were short-lived with most individuals estimated to become seronegative again by 51 and 47 days after symptom onset, respectively. IgG antibodies against RBD lasted longer and persisted through 75 days post-symptoms. IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 RBD were highly correlated with neutralizing antibodies targeting the S protein. No cross-reactivity of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD-targeted antibodies was observed with several known circulating coronaviruses, HKU1, OC 229 E, OC43, and NL63. CONCLUSIONS Among symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 cases, RBD-targeted antibodies can be indicative of previous and recent infection. IgG antibodies are correlated with neutralizing antibodies and are possibly a correlate of protective immunity.

scholarly journals Antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines are detectable in saliva

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Ketas ◽  
Devidas Chaturbhuj ◽  
Victor M Cruz-Portillo ◽  
Erik Francomano ◽  
Encouse Golden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Mucosal Immunity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
S Protein ◽  
Virus Acquisition ◽  
The Usa

AbstractVaccines are critical for curtailing the COVID-19 pandemic (1, 2). In the USA, two highly protective mRNA vaccines are available: BNT162b2 from Pfizer/BioNTech and mRNA-1273 from Moderna (3, 4). These vaccines induce antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein, including neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) predominantly directed against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) (1-4). Serum NAbs are induced at modest levels within ∼1 week of the first dose, but their titers are strongly boosted by a second dose at 3 (BNT162b2) or 4 weeks (mRNA-1273) (3, 4). SARS-CoV-2 is most commonly transmitted nasally or orally and infects cells in the mucosae of the respiratory and to some extent also the gastrointestinal tract (5). Although serum NAbs may be a correlate of protection against COVID-19, mucosal antibodies might directly prevent or limit virus acquisition by the nasal, oral and conjunctival routes (5). Whether the mRNA vaccines induce mucosal immunity has not been studied. Here, we report that antibodies to the S-protein and its RBD are present in saliva samples from mRNA-vaccinated healthcare workers (HCW). Within 1-2 weeks after their second dose, 37/37 and 8/8 recipients of the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, respectively, had S-protein IgG antibodies in their saliva, while IgA was detected in a substantial proportion. These observations may be relevant to vaccine-mediated protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease.

scholarly journals BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Elicits High Avidity and Neutralizing Antibodies in Healthcare Workers

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 672
Author(s):  
Federico Pratesi ◽  
Teresita Caruso ◽  
Davide Testa ◽  
Tiziano Tarpanelli ◽  
Alessandra Gentili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Workers ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Affinity Maturation ◽  
High Avidity ◽  
Pronounced Increase ◽  
Antibody Persistence ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Protective Antibodies ◽  
Inhibitory Antibodies

The BNT162b2 vaccine, containing lipid nanoparticles-formulated mRNA encoding the full-length spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, has been employed to immunize health care workers in Italy, administered in two doses 21 days apart. In this study, we characterized the antibody response induced by the BNT162b2 vaccine in a group of health care workers, tested at baseline, after the first dose and after the booster. Thirty-nine subjects without previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 were vaccinated with the BNT162b2 vaccine. IgM, IgG, and IgA anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) were tested by ELISA. Neutralizing antibodies were evaluated testing the inhibition of RBD binding to ACE2. Antibody avidity was measured by urea avidity ELISA. IgM anti-RBD are produced after the first dose of vaccine and persist after the booster. IgG and IgA anti-RBD antibodies are detected in high amounts in all the subjects after the first dose and further increase after the booster. A few subjects, already after the first dose, produce antibodies inhibiting RBD interaction with ACE2. After the booster, high levels of inhibitory antibodies are detected in all the subjects. Affinity maturation takes place with boosting and IgG anti-RBD avidity increases with the number of immunizations. A less pronounced increase is observed with IgA. These data indicate that the BNT162b2 vaccine can induce high levels of protective antibodies of high avidity in vaccinated subjects; both IgG and IgA anti-RBD antibodies are produced. Further studies are needed to evaluate antibody persistence over time.

scholarly journals A genetically detoxified derivative of heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin induces neutralizing antibodies against the A subunit.

1994 ◽  
Vol 180 (6) ◽  
pp. 2147-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Pizza ◽  
M R Fontana ◽  
M M Giuliani ◽  
M Domenighini ◽  
C Magagnoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Cholera Toxin ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Heat Labile ◽  
A Subunit ◽  
Adp Ribosyltransferase ◽  
Derivatives Of

Escherichia coli enterotoxin (LT) and the homologous cholera toxin (CT) are A-B toxins that cause travelers' diarrhea and cholera, respectively. So far, experimental live and killed vaccines against these diseases have been developed using only the nontoxic B portion of these toxins. The enzymatically active A subunit has not been used because it is responsible for the toxicity and it is reported to induce a negligible titer of toxin neutralizing antibodies. We used site-directed mutagenesis to inactivate the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of the A subunit and obtained nontoxic derivatives of LT that elicited a good titer of neutralizing antibodies recognizing the A subunit. These LT mutants and equivalent mutants of CT may be used to improve live and killed vaccines against cholera and enterotoxinogenic E. coli.

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