scholarly journals The effects of maternal social connectivity and integration on offspring survival in a marmot

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Pilar Montero ◽  
Dana M. Williams ◽  
Julien G.A. Martin ◽  
Daniel T. Blumstein
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social World ◽  
Direct Care ◽  
Offspring Survival ◽  
Breeding Behavior ◽  
Social Connectivity ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Pup Survival ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn social species, maternal social relationships, in addition to direct care, impact offspring survival but much of what we know about these effects comes from studies of obligately social and cooperatively breeding species. Yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventer) are a facultatively social species whose social groups vary in composition, size, and cohesiveness. This natural variation in sociality and cooperative breeding behavior makes yellow-bellied marmots an ideal species within which to study the effects of maternal affiliative and agonistic social behavior on offspring. We used social network analysis to investigate the relationship between maternal social connectivity and integration on offspring summer and yearly survival, with the hypothesis that offspring with more affiliative mothers are more likely to survive than the offspring of more agonistic mothers. However, we found the inverse to be true: pups born to mothers who received more affiliative interactions were less likely to survive while the offspring of mothers who were more highly integrated into agonistic networks had enhanced survival. Overall, maternal social network measures were positively and negatively correlated with offspring survival, indicating that pups are influenced by their mother’s social world, often in contradictory ways. Relative predation risk and colony location also mediated the effects of social relationships on pup survival. This study contributes to a small but growing body of work that demonstrates that specific attributes of sociality have specific consequences and that by adopting an attribute-focused view of sociality we are better able to understand how environmental conditions mediate the costs and benefits of sociality.Lay SummaryMaternal social relationships can impact offspring survival but much of what we know about these effects comes from studies of obligately social species. In faculatively social yellow-bellied marmots we found that pups born to mothers who received more affiliative interactions were less likely to survive while the offspring of mothers who were more highly integrated into agonistic networks had enhanced survival. Overall, pups are influenced by their mother’s social world, often in contradictory ways.

Social Networks and Social Complexity in Female-bonded Primates

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Lehmann ◽  
Katherine Andrews ◽  
Robin Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Primate Group ◽  
Network Metrics ◽  
The Relationship

Most primates are intensely social and spend a large amount of time servicing social relationships. The social brain hypothesis suggests that the evolution of the primate brain has been driven by the necessity of dealing with increased social complexity. This chapter uses social network analysis to analyse the relationship between primate group size, neocortex ratio and several social network metrics. Findings suggest that social complexity may derive from managing indirect social relationships, i.e. relationships in which a female is not directly involved, which may pose high cognitive demands on primates. The discussion notes that a large neocortex allows individuals to form intense social bonds with some group members while at the same time enabling them to manage and monitor less intense indirect relationships without frequent direct involvement with each individual of the social group.

Spatializing Social Network Analysis in the Late Precontact U.S. Southwest

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Brett Hill ◽  
Matthew A. Peeples ◽  
Deborah L. Huntley ◽  
H. Jane Carmack
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Network ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Community Sustainability ◽  
Social Connectivity ◽  
Cost Distance ◽  
Regional Settlement ◽  
Social Upheaval ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn this article we explore the relationship between spatial proximity and indices of social connectivity during the A.D. 1200–1450 interval in the United States (U.S.) Southwest. Using geographic information systems (GIS), we develop indices of spatial proximity based on the terrain-adjusted cost distance between sites in a regional settlement and material cultural database focused on the western U.S. Southwest. We evaluate the hypothesis that social interaction is a function of proximity and that interactions will be most intense among near neighbors. We find that this hypothesis is supported in some instances but that the correlation between proximity and interaction is highly variable in the context of late precontact social upheaval. Furthermore, we show important discrepancies between the Puebloan north and the Hohokam south that help to explain differences in community sustainability in the two regions.

Rethinking Marriage

1996 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
RACHEL ROSEMAN BARICH ◽  
DENISE D. BIELBY
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Social World ◽  
Stability And Change ◽  
Marital Expectations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Section Design ◽  
Individual Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigates the relationship between individuals' expectations for marriage and their beliefs about the social world. Drawing on the neoinstitutionalist perspective and employing a repeated cross-section design, this study analyzes survey data on young adults from 1967 and 1994 to examine the relationship between attitudes about social relationships and marriage expectations, stability and change over time in marital expectations, and changes in institutionalized notions of marriage. We find evidence of both stability and change in marriage expectations and that cultural notions of marriage differ for men and women. Overall, this study provides support for the contention that marriage expectations are formed within an institutional context that is influential in shaping individual strategies of action.

Relationship status, social networks, and wellbeing among older adults

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Ashley Ermer
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Ties ◽  
Relationship Status ◽  
Emotional Wellbeing ◽  
Network Ties ◽  
Marriage Partnership ◽  
Social Network Ties ◽  
The Relationship

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT AUTHOR'S REQUEST.] The present studies examined the relationship between social relationships and wellbeing for adults aged 50+ among different marital status groups. Study one examined whether and how relationship status is associated with social network ties (i.e., social network characteristics, family and friend emotional support, and neighborhood social ties) and wellbeing (i.e., emotional wellbeing and self-rated health). Study two examined, within partnered older adults, whether social network ties are associated with one's own and/or one's partner's emotional wellbeing and self-rated health and also examined the moderating role of social network ties in the relationship between relationship strain and wellbeing. Analyses were conducted using the National Social, Health, and Aging Project dataset. Study one included 2,361 adults aged 57 and over with 52.7 percent identifying as female and 65.8 percent identifying as non-Hispanic White. Study two included 865 dyads with an average age of 70.91 with 50 percent identifying as female and 69.7 percent identifying as nonHispanic White. Study one found that marrieds consistently reported lower levels of social ties in comparison to widows and divorcees and men reported lower levels of social ties in comparison to women. Those who were partnered (i.e., cohabiting or married) reported lesser associations between social network ties and wellbeing as compared to those who were unpartnered. In study two, results suggested one's own and one's partner's social relationships outside of a marriage/partnership were associated with both partner's wellbeing. Men experienced more partner effects, with wives' relationship strain and social ties associated with men's wellbeing. Combined, these two studies demonstrate that social relationships, even those outside of a marriage, are salient to the wellbeing of older adults. They also lend support for the importance of cultivating social relationships, including social relationships outside of a marriage/partnership, throughout the life course.

scholarly journals Beyond Supervenience and Construction

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
David-Hillel Ruben
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Social World ◽  
John Searle ◽  
Social Actions ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Two Alternatives

AbstractI assume that identity theories and reductive strategies generally about the relationship between both the physical and the mental and the non-social and the social fail and I remind the reader why this is so. The mind cannot be reduced to body and the social (and this includes social action) cannot be reduced to what goes on in the minds of individuals and to their non-social actions, even when physical environment is added to the allegedly reducing base. I canvass two alternatives: supervenience and constructivism. My discussion of supervenience is by way of a survey of the work of others. Supervenience turns out to be too ‘brute’ a relation to account for the mind-body or the nonsocial-social relationships (I explain the idea of ‘brute’ in the paper). Supervenience is essentially a co-variance relation and even if the social were to supervene on the nonsocial, or the mental on the physical, supervenience leaves that co-variance inexplicable and mysterious. I ask whether constructivist solutions could explain the co-variance between levels any better (I look specifically at the work of John Searle) and I raise some issues with regard to the ability of constructivism to explain these relationships. Searle sees the institutional and social world through the perspective of various levels, in ways similar to the way in which the reductionist and the supervenience theorists did. My main argument is to offer an analogue problem for constructivism that was raised for supervenience. I conclude that constructivism could escape the problem of ‘brute’ co-variation between levels only by adopting a thoroughgoing irrealist perspective on the institutional and social.

Interpersonal Stress and Poor Health

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette M. Aanes ◽  
Maurice B. Mittelmark ◽  
Jørn Hetland
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Total Effect ◽  
Subjective Feeling ◽  
Interpersonal Stress ◽  
The Relationship

This paper investigated whether the lack of social connectedness, as measured by the subjective feeling of loneliness, mediates the well-known relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological distress. Furthermore, a relationship between interpersonal stress and somatic symptoms was hypothesized. The study sample included 3,268 women and 3,220 men in Western Norway. The main findings were that interpersonal stress was significantly related to psychological distress as well as to somatic symptoms, both directly and indirectly via paths mediated by loneliness. The size of the indirect effects varied, suggesting that the importance of loneliness as a possible mediator differs for depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and somatic symptoms. In the case of depressive symptoms, more than 75% of the total effect was mediated through loneliness, while in the case of somatic symptoms just over 40% of the total effect was mediated through loneliness. This study supports the hypotheses that social connectedness mediates a relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological distress. The study also provides the first link between interpersonal stress, as measured by the Bergen Social Relationships Scale, and somatic symptoms, extending earlier research on the relationship between interpersonal stress and psychological distress.

Extraverts Have Larger Social Network Layers

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V. Pollet ◽  
Sam G. B. Roberts ◽  
Robin I. M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Outer Layer ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Emotional Intensity ◽  
Emotional Closeness ◽  
Network Layer ◽  
Network Layers ◽  
Social Network Size

Previous studies showed that extraversion influences social network size. However, it is unclear how extraversion affects the size of different layers of the network, and how extraversion relates to the emotional intensity of social relationships. We examined the relationships between extraversion, network size, and emotional closeness for 117 individuals. The results demonstrated that extraverts had larger networks at every layer (support clique, sympathy group, outer layer). The results were robust and were not attributable to potential confounds such as sex, though they were modest in size (raw correlations between extraversion and size of network layer, .20 < r < .23). However, extraverts were not emotionally closer to individuals in their network, even after controlling for network size. These results highlight the importance of considering not just social network size in relation to personality, but also the quality of relationships with network members.

Examining the Kinships System of the Bodo

Think India ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-192
Author(s):  
Dr. Oinam Ranjit Singh ◽  
Dr. Nushar Bargayary
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Relationship ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Kinship System ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship

The Bodo of the North Eastern region of India have their own kinship system to maintain social relationship since ancient periods. Kinship is the expression of social relationship. Kinship may be defined as connection or relationships between persons based on marriage or blood. In each and every society of the world, social relationship is considered to be the more important than the biological bond. The relationship is not socially recognized, it fall outside the realm of kinship. Since kinship is considered as universal, it plays a vital role in the socialization of individuals and the maintenance of social cohesion of the group. Thus, kinship is considered to be the study of the sum total of these relations. The kinship of the Bodo is bilateral. The kin related through the father is known as Bahagi in Bodo whereas the kin to the mother is called Kurma. The nature of social relationships, the kinship terms, kinship behaviours and prescriptive and proscriptive rules are the important themes of the present study.

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