scholarly journals An angiosperm NLR atlas reveals that NLR gene reduction is associated with ecological specialization and signal transduction component deletion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Zhen Zeng ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Xing-Mei Jiang ◽  
Zhen Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Evolutionary Pattern ◽  
Copy Numbers ◽  
Immune Pathway ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance Genes ◽  
Colonization Of Land

AbstractNucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat receptor (NLR) genes comprise the largest family of plant disease resistance genes. NLR genes are phylogenetically divided into the TNL, CNL, and RNL subclasses. NLR copy numbers and subclass composition vary tremendously across angiosperm genomes. However, the evolutionary associations between genomic NLR content and plant lifestyle, or between NLR content and signal transduction components, are poorly characterized due to limited genome availability. Here, we established an angiosperm NLRatlas (ANNA, http://compbio.nju.edu.cn/app/ANNA/), which includes NLR genes from over 300 angiosperm genomes. Using ANNA, we revealed that NLR copy numbers differ up to 66-fold among closely related species due to rapid gene loss and gain. Interestingly, NLR contraction was associated with adaptations to aquatic, parasitic, and carnivorous lifestyles. The convergent NLR reduction in aquatic plants resembles the long-term evolutionary silence of NLR genes in green algae before the colonization of land. A co-evolutionary pattern between NLR subclasses and plant immune-pathway components was also identified, suggesting that immune pathway deficiencies may drive TNL loss. Finally, we recovered a conserved TNL lineage that may function independently of the RNL pathway. Our findings provide new insights into the evolution of NLR genes in the context of plant lifestyles and genome content variation.

T cell long-term hyporesponsiveness follows antigen receptor engagement and results from defective signal transduction

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 348-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice M. Dubois ◽  
Fabienne Andris ◽  
Jacques Urbain ◽  
Oberdan Leo ◽  
Marcelle Kaufman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Antigen Receptor

scholarly journals Jack-of-all-trades paradigm meets long-term data: generalist herbivores are more widespread and locally less abundant

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Sudta ◽  
D.M. Salcido ◽  
M.L. Forister ◽  
T. Walla ◽  
S. Villamarín-Cortez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Diet Breadth ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Dietary Specialization ◽  
Mixed Support ◽  
Term Data

AbstractSome of the most common ecological interactions are between plants and herbivorous insects, and these relationships are central to the study of ecological specialization. We address established assumptions about the positive association between local abundance and dietary specialization using a 17-year dataset on the caterpillars of Ecuador. Our long-term data include standardized plot-based samples as well as general, regional collections, allowing for investigations across spatial scales and using different indices of abundance for 1917 morphospecies of Lepidoptera from 33 families. We find that specialists are locally more abundant than generalists, consistent with a key component of the “jack of all trades, master of none” hypothesis, which has otherwise received poor to mixed support from previous studies that have mostly involved fewer species and shorter time series. Generalists achieve greater prevalence across the landscape, and we find some evidence for geographic variation in the abundance-diet breadth relationship, in particular among elevational bands. Interspecific variation in abundance also had a negative relationship with diet breadth, with specialists having more variable abundances across species. The fact that more specialized species can be both rare and common highlights the ecological complexity of specialization.

scholarly journals Human Cytomegalovirus UL138 Protein Inhibits the STING Pathway and Reduces Interferon Beta mRNA Accumulation during Lytic and Latent Infections

mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily R. Albright ◽  
Clayton K. Mickelson ◽  
Robert F. Kalejta
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Viral Latency ◽  
Arms Race ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Mrna Accumulation ◽  
Immune Pathway ◽  
Sting Pathway ◽  
Innate Immune Pathway

While a cellular restriction versus viral countermeasure arms race between innate immunity and viral latency is expected, few examples have been documented. Our identification of the first HCMV latency protein that inactivates the cGAS/STING/TBK1 innate immune pathway opens the door to understanding how innate immunity, or its neutralization, impacts long-term persistence by HCMV and other latent viruses.

scholarly journals Identification of SARS-CoV-2 P.1-related lineages in Brazil provides new insights about the mechanisms of emergence of Variants of Concern

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Gräf ◽  
Gonzalo Bello ◽  
Taina Moreira Martins Venas ◽  
Elisa Cavalcante Pereira ◽  
Anna Carolina Dias Paixão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Population ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Receptor Binding Domain ◽  
Evolutionary Pattern ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Sequential Addition ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Amazonas State

Abstract One of the most remarkable features of the SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern (VOC) is the unusually large number of mutations they carry. However, the specific factors that drove the emergence of such variants since the second half of 2020 are not fully resolved. In this study, we described a new SARS-CoV-2 lineage provisionally designated as P.1-like-II that, as well as the previously described lineage P.1-like-I, shares several lineage-defining mutations with the VOC P.1 circulating in Brazil. Reconstructions of P.1 ancestor sequences demonstrate that the entire constellation of mutations that define the VOC P.1 did not accumulate within a single long-term infected individual, but was acquired by sequential addition during interhost transmissions. Our evolutionary analyses further estimate that P.1-ancestors strains carrying half of the P.1-lineage-defining mutations, including those at the receptor-binding domain of the Spike protein, circulated cryptically in the Amazonas state since August 2020. This evolutionary pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that partial human population immunity acquired from natural SARS-CoV-2 infections during the first half of 2020 might have been the major driving force behind natural selection that allowed VOCs' emergence and worldwide spread. These findings also support a long lag-time between the emergence of variants with key mutations of concern and expansion of the VOC P.1 in Brazil.

scholarly journals Transcriptome Response to Drought, Rehydration and Re-Dehydration in Potato

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongkun Chen ◽  
Canhui Li ◽  
Jing Yi ◽  
Yu Yang ◽  
Chunxia Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Sugar Metabolism ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Cell Components ◽  
Drought Hardening

Potato is an important food crop and its production is susceptible to drought. Drought stress in crop growth is usually multiple- or long-term. In this study, the drought tolerant potato landrace Jancko Sisu Yari was treated with drought stress, rehydration and re-dehydration, and RNA-seq was applied to analyze the characteristics of gene regulation during these treatments. The results showed that drought-responsive genes mainly involved photosynthesis, signal transduction, lipid metabolism, sugar metabolism, wax synthesis, cell wall regulation, osmotic adjustment. Potato also can be recovered well in the re-emergence of water through gene regulation. The recovery of rehydration mainly related to patatin, lipid metabolism, sugar metabolism, flavonoids metabolism and detoxification besides the reverse expression of the most of drought-responsive genes. The previous drought stress can produce a positive responsive ability to the subsequent drought by drought hardening. Drought hardening was not only reflected in the drought-responsive genes related to the modified structure and cell components, but also in the hardening of gene expression or the “memory” of drought-responsive genes. Abundant genes involved photosynthesis, signal transduction, sugar metabolism, protease and protease inhibitors, flavonoids metabolism, transporters and transcription factors were subject to drought hardening or memorized drought in potato.

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