scholarly journals COVID-19 European regional tracker

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asjad Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
National Level ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
European Regional

ABSTRACTThis Tracker presents data on daily COVID-19 cases at the sub-national level for 26 European countries from January 2020 till present. Country-level data sources are identified and processed to form a homogenized panel at the NUTS 3 or NUTS 2 level, the two lowest standardized administrative units of Europe. The strengths and weaknesses of each country dataset are discussed in detail. The raw data, spatial layers, the code, and the final homogenized files are provided in an online repository for replication. The data highlights the spatial distribution of cases both within and across countries that can be utilized for a disaggregated analysis on the impacts of the pandemic. The Tracker is updated monthly to expand its coverage.

scholarly journals COVID-19 European regional tracker

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asjad Naqvi
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
National Level ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
European Regional

AbstractThis Tracker presents data on daily COVID-19 cases at the sub-national level for 26 European countries from January 2020 till present. Country-level data sources are identified and processed to form a homogenized panel at the NUTS 3 or NUTS 2 level, the two lowest standardized administrative units in Europe. The strengths and weaknesses of each country dataset are discussed in detail. The raw data, spatial layers, the code, and the final homogenized files are provided in an online repository for replication. The data highlights the spatial distribution of cases both within and across countries that can be utilized for a disaggregated analysis on the impacts of the pandemic. The Tracker is updated monthly to expand its coverage.

scholarly journals Assessment of Demand Side Flexibility in European Electricity Markets: A Country Level Review

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2324
Author(s):  
Aikaterini Forouli ◽  
Emmanouil A. Bakirtzis ◽  
Georgios Papazoglou ◽  
Konstantinos Oureilidis ◽  
Vasileios Gkountis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Market Access ◽  
National Level ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Flexible Resources

Power systems in many countries have recently undergone a significant transition towards renewable and carbon-free generation sources. Those sources pose new challenges to the grid operation due to their intermittency and uncertainty. Consequently, advanced policy strategies and technologies offering new flexibility solutions on the inelastic demand side are required to maintain the reliability of power systems. Given the diversity of situations, legislation and needs across European countries and the varying nature of distribution system operators, this article reviews the deployment of demand side flexibility at national level to identify best practices and main barriers. The analysis concerns European countries of different progress in solutions that leverage flexibility towards offering electricity grid services. The scope is to explore the operation principles of European electricity markets, to assess the participation of emerging flexible resources, and to propose new approaches that facilitate the integration of flexible assets in the distribution grid. The countries reviewed are the United Kingdom, Belgium, Italy and Greece. These countries were selected owing to their diversity in terms of generation mix and market design. Barriers for market access of flexibility resources are also identified in order to form relevant country-specific recommendations.

scholarly journals Studying the heterogeneity of European higher education institutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 1117-1144
Author(s):  
Renato Bruni ◽  
Giuseppe Catalano ◽  
Cinzia Daraio ◽  
Martina Gregori ◽  
Henk F. Moed
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
National Level ◽  
Cumulative Effect ◽  
European Countries ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Research And Teaching ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Database Clustering

AbstractThe heterogeneity of the Higher Education (HE) Institutions is one of the main critical issues in the assessment of their performance. This paper adopts a multi-level and multi-dimensional perspective, combining national (macro) and institution (micro) level data, and measuring both research and teaching activity, using performance indicators derived from the European Tertiary Education Register, CWTS Leiden Ranking, and PATSTAT patent database. Clustering and efficiency analysis are combined to characterize the heterogeneity of national HE systems in European countries, and reveal the potential of using micro level data to characterize national level performance. Large differences are observed between the European countries, partially due to the fact that they are in different phases of their scientific (and economic) development and of the re-structuring of their HE systems. Evidence is found that universities specializing either in teaching or in research tend to have a higher efficiency than those institutions balancing research and teaching. Tradeoffs are observed between undergraduate and post-graduate activities, and a “Matthew cumulative effect” seems in place on the European institutions analysed: high quality research is able to attract external funds that stimulate innovative and patenting activities that in turn are self-reinforcing to the scientific activities. The results reveal once more the limits and dangers of one-dimensional approaches to the performance of HEIs.

scholarly journals Latent class models for cross-national comparisons: the association between individual and national-level fertility and partnership characteristics

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lyons-Amos
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Multilevel Models ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
National Level ◽  
Multilevel Modelling ◽  
Latent Class Models ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Level Information ◽  
Cross National

Multilevel modelling techniques such as random models or fixed effect are increasingly used in social sciences and demography to both account for clustering within higher level aggregations and evaluate the interaction between individual and contextual information. While this is justifiable in some studies, the extension of multilevel models to national level analysis — and particularly cross-national comparative analysis — is problematic and can hamper the understanding of the interplay between individual and country level characteristics. This paper proposes an alternative approach, which allocates countries to classes based on economic, labour market and policy characteristics. Classes influence the profiles of three key demographic behaviours at a sub-national level: marriage, cohabitation and first birth timing. Woman level data are drawn from a subset of the Harmonized Histories dataset, and national level information from the GGP contextual database. In this example, three country classes are extracted reflecting two Western patterns and an Eastern pattern, divided approximately along the Hajnal line. While Western countries tend to exhibit higher levels of family allowances albeit accounting for a lower share of spending which is associated with lower marriage and later fertility, Eastern countries generally show a higher share of spending but at lower absolute levels with lower cohabitation rates and early fertility.

scholarly journals A city-level comparison of fossil-fuel and industry processes-induced CO2 emissions over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from eight emission inventories

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pengfei Han ◽  
Ning Zeng ◽  
Tomohiro Oda ◽  
Wen Zhang ◽  
Xiaohui Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Emission Inventories ◽  
National Data ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data

Abstract Background Quantifying CO2 emissions from cities is of great importance because cities contribute more than 70% of the global total CO2 emissions. As the largest urbanized megalopolis region in northern China, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji, JJJ) region (population: 112.7 million) is under considerable pressure to reduce carbon emissions. Despite the several emission inventories covering the JJJ region, a comprehensive evaluation of the CO2 emissions at the prefectural city scale in JJJ is still limited, and this information is crucial to implementing mitigation strategies. Results Here, we collected and analyzed 8 published emission inventories to assess the emissions and uncertainty at the JJJ city level. The results showed that a large discrepancy existed in the JJJ emissions among downscaled country-level emission inventories, with total emissions ranging from 657 to 1132 Mt CO2 (or 849 ± 214 for mean ± standard deviation (SD)) in 2012, while emission estimates based on provincial-level data estimated emissions to be 1038 and 1056 Mt. Compared to the mean emissions of city-data-based inventories (989 Mt), provincial-data-based inventories were 6% higher, and national-data-based inventories were 14% lower. Emissions from national-data-based inventories were 53–75% lower in the high-emitting industrial cities of Tangshan and Handan, while they were 47–160% higher in Beijing and Tianjin than those from city-data-based inventories. Spatially, the emissions pattern was consistent with the distribution of urban areas, and urban emissions in Beijing contributed 50–70% of the total emissions. Higher emissions from Beijing and Tianjin resulted in lower estimates of prefectural cities in Hebei for some national inventories. Conclusions National-level data-based emission inventories produce large differences in JJJ prefectural city-level emission estimates. The city-level statistics data-based inventories produced more consistent estimates. The consistent spatial distribution patterns recognized by these inventories (such as high emissions in southern Beijing, central Tianjin and Tangshan) potentially indicate areas with robust emission estimates. This result could be useful in the efficient deployment of monitoring instruments, and if proven by such measurements, it will increase our confidence in inventories and provide support for policy makers trying to reduce emissions in key regions.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated factors of caesarian section in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic Health Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Hailegebreal ◽  
Girma Gilano ◽  
Binyam Tariku Seboka ◽  
Mohammedjud Hassen Ahmed ◽  
Atsedu Endale Simegn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Survey ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
National Level ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Caesarian Section ◽  
Modern Contraceptive ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Level Data

Abstract Background Caesarian section is a vital emergency obstetric intervention for saving the lives of mothers and newborns. However, factors which are responsible for caesarian section (CS) were not well established in the country level data. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of caesarian section in Ethiopia. Methods Data from the Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health survey 2019 were used to identify factors associated with the caesarian section in Ethiopia. We applied multi-level logistic regression and a p-value of <0.25 to include variables before modeling and a p-value<0.05 with 95% confidence interval (CI) for final results. Result The prevalence of caesarian section in Ethiopia was 5.44% (95% CI; 0.048-0.06) in2019. Women in age group of 30-39 and 40-49 years had a higher odd of caesarian section (AOR = 2.14, 95%CI = 1.55-2.94) and (AOR = 2, 95%CI = 1.20-3.97) respectively compared to women in age group of 15-29 years. Women with secondary and higher educational level had higher odds of caesarian section (AOR = 2.15, 95%CI = 1.38-3.34) and (AOR = 2.8, 95%CI = 1.73-4.53) compared to those in no education category. Compared to Orthodox, Muslims and Protestant religions had lower odds of caesarian section with AOR of 0.50 (0.34-0.73) and 0.53 (0.34-0.85). Having <2 births was also associated with the low caesarian section 0.61(0.52-1.22). Using modern contraceptive methods, having ANC visits of 1-3, 4th, 5 plus, and urban residence were associated with higher odds of caesarian section as 1.4 (1.05-1.80]), 2.2 (1.51-3.12), 1.7 (1.12-2.46), and 2.4 (1.65-3.44) 1.6(1.04-2.57) respectively. Conclusion Although evidence indicates that the caesarian deliveries increased both in developed and underdeveloped countries, the current magnitude of this service was very low in Ethiopia which might indicate missing opportunities that might costing lives of mothers and newborns. Women’s age, religion, educational status, parity, contraceptive method, and ANC visit were individual level factors influenced caesarian section. whereas, region and place of residence were community level factors affected caesarian section in the country. Depending on these factors, the country needs policy decisions for further national level interventions.

scholarly journals Transnational analysis of local fertility: A spatial organisation depending on metropolitan contexts and national borders

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Buelens
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
National Level ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
State Level ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Fertility Rates ◽  
Spatial Organisation ◽  
Country Level

Résumé La seconde transition démographique n’a pas effacé les différences spatiales en termes de fécondité en Europe du Nord-Ouest. Ainsi, il existe une distinction claire entre les États les plus au Nord et à l’Ouest du contient et les autres, ainsi que des différences intra-étatiques. Malgré la difficulté de rassembler des données compa-rables à une échelle spatiale fine pour plusieurs pays, cette étude propose à une échelle locale une comparaison transnationale de l’intensité et de la temporalité de la fécondité en Europe du Nord-Ouest. Elle examine la cohérence des modèles de fécondité sur territoire et détermine les échelles prépondérantes de leur organisa-tion spatiale. La méthodologie consiste en une analyse par composantes principa­les appliquée aux taux de fécondité par classe d’âge pour 5 376 entités locales reparties dans sept pays d’Europe du Nord-Ouest. De cette première analyse est déduite une typologie des entités spatiales selon leur fécondité. Les résultats donnent à voir des modèles de fécondité contrastés en Europe du Nord-Ouest. C’est surtout la temporalité qui distingue les modèles de fécondité, tant au sein de la zone d’étude en générale qu’au sein de chaque pays séparément. D’un point de vue spatial, ces modèles de fécondité contrastés sont organisés selon l’action conjointe de deux éléments : les métropoles et les frontières nationales. Les environnements urbains sont dissociés du reste de leur contexte national. De plus, à l’échelle intra-urbaine, une triple distinction apparait : la fécondité est faible et est la plus tardive en centre-ville ; elle est la plus élevée avec des calendriers très dispersés dans les quartiers défavorisés et enfin elle est relativement forte mais bien plus concentrée autour de 30 ans en banlieue. Les résultats révèlent également l’importance du niveau national, auquel correspond 65 % de la variance de l’intensité de fécondité entre les entités locales. Cela suggère que des facteurs na­tionaux doivent avoir une influence majeure sur l’intensité de la fécondité. L’utilisa­tion de l’échelle nationale pour étudier l’intensité de la fécondité uniquement est ainsi en partie justifiée. Cette analyse démontre aussi l’intérêt des études locales des comportements féconds en milieu urbain. Abstract The second demographic transition has not erased spatial differences in fertility patterns in northwestern Europe. A state-level distinction exists between northern and westernmost European countries, on one hand, and the rest of the continent, on the other hand, as well as intra-national distinctions. Despite the difficulty of gathering comparable data at a fine spatial level in different countries, this study presents cross-national and local spatial distribution of fertility intensity and timing in northwestern Europe. The goal is to examine the coherence of fertility patterns and determine the overriding scales of their spatial organisation. The methodology consists in a principal component analysis on age-specific fertility rates (ASFR) of 5’376 local units in seven northwestern European countries. Local units are then gathered in clusters. The results show contrasted fertility patterns in North-Western Europe. Differences in fertility timing are more important than differences in fertility intensity for both spatial units in the study area in general and within each country separately. From a spatial point of view, these contrasting fertility patterns are organised according to two existing levels: the metropolitan and the country level. Urban environments are isolated from the national context their embedded in. Additionally, a triple dis­tinction appears within metropolises. Fertility is low and the latest in city centres. Fertility rates are the highest and dispersed through childbearing ages in deprived urban neighbourhoods. Finally, fertility is relatively high but with a narrow distribution through in suburban areas. The national level is relevant for 65% of the fertility intensity related variance between local units. It suggests decisive influence of na­tional factors on fertility intensity. Cross-country analyses of fertility level are thus partly legitimated. However, this analysis also calls for better understanding of local fertility behaviours in metropolitan contexts.  

Strategies for Survival of the World — Risk Management

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovo Lojanica ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
National Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Management Standards ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Iso 31000 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Personal Level

All management standards have requirements for different aspects of improvements on the personal level, family level, company level, in business and life. What is about national level and country level? Is it possible for today’s generations to learn history of nations and of civilizations? If it is — ok, let’s apply it on actual time and people to have less problems and difficulties — especially if is actual in field of risk management. Majority of people are occupied by today’s problems. They don’t consider past and future challenges. People from each country strive for better quality, better and cleaner environment, higher safety etc. historically and today. But could we remember: How did Genghis Khan conquer many regions and how was he defeated? How did Mayas and Aztecs die out? How were Native Americans in North America drastically reduced in numbers? How did the Roman Imperium vanish? How was the Ottoman Imperium established and how it vanished? How many people were killed in the wars in XX century, etc? In all these catastrophic changes risks were not considered in an adequate way. Requirements of risk management — Principles and guidelines — ISO 31000:2009 are very consultative. They could be used on country level, national level, regional level, continental and intercontinental level.

Central and Eastern European states in global production linkages: country-level and sector-level analysis

2017 ◽  
pp. 38-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewa Cieślik
Keyword(s):  
Global Value Chains ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Value Chains ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Large Share ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Level Analysis

The paper evaluates Central and Eastern European countries’ (CEEs) location in global vertical specialization (global value chains, GVCs). To locate each country in global value chains (upstream or downstream segment/market) and to compare them with the selected countries, a very selective methodology was adopted. We concluded that (a) CEE countries differ in the levels of their participation in production linkages. Countries that have stronger links with Western European countries, especially with Germany, are more integrated; (b) a large share of the CEE countries’ gross exports passes through Western European GVCs; (c) most exporters in Central and Eastern Europe are positioned in the downstream segments of production rather than in the upstream markets. JEL classification: F14, F15.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document