scholarly journals Aberrant levels of cortical myelin distinguish individuals with unipolar depression from healthy controls

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David AA Baranger ◽  
Yaroslav O Halchenko ◽  
Skye Satz ◽  
Rachel Ragozzino ◽  
Satish Iyengar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Regularized Regression ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
True Label ◽  
Auditory Cortices

The association of unipolar depression (UD), relative to healthy controls (HC), with cortical myelin is underexplored, despite growing evidence of associations with white matter tract integrity. We characterized cortical myelin in the 360 Glasser atlas regions using the T1w/T2w ratio in 39 UD and 47 HC participants (ages=19-44, 75% female). A logistic elastic net regularized regression with nested cross-validation and a subsequent linear discriminant analysis conducted on held-out samples were used to classify UD vs. HC. True-label model performance was compared against permuted-label model performance. Cortical myelin distinguished UD from HC with 68% accuracy (p<0.001; sensitivity=63.8%, specificity=71.5%). Consistently selected regions were located in the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, extended visual, and auditory cortices, and showed statistically significant both decreases and increases in myelin levels in UD vs. HC. The patterns of cortical myelin in these regions may be a biomarker of UD.

Remitted major depression is related to increased functional coupling between ventral striatum and cortical regions in resting state fMRI

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 948-948 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Pail ◽  
C. Scharinger ◽  
K. Kalcher ◽  
W. Huf ◽  
R. Boubela ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Resting State Fmri ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Functional Coupling ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Full Remission ◽  
Cortical Regions

IntroductionDysfunction in the basal ganglia has been related to impaired reward processing and anhedonia, a core symptom of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). In particular, the ventral striatum including the nucleus accumbens is increasingly implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD, but evidence for a specific role during episodes of full remission is lacking so far.ObjectivesTo investigate functional connectivity patterns of resting-state activity in patients in the remitted phase of MDD (rMDD).AimsTo determine whether rMDD is related to disruptions of functional coupling between the ventral striatum and cortical regions.MethodsForty-three remitted depressed patients and thirty-five healthy controls were recruited at Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, and performed a six minute resting-state fMRI scan. Seed time series were extracted from the preprocessed data using individual masks for ventral striatum and correlated with all nodes in a surface based analysis using FreeSurfer, AFNI and SUMA. The resulting correlation coefficients were then Fishertransformed, group results were determined by comparing group mean smoothed z-scores with a two-sample ttest.ResultsIncreased resting-state functional connectivity was revealed between ventral striatum (seed region) and anterior cingulate cortex as well as orbitofrontal cortex in the rMDD group compared to healthy controls.ConclusionsOur preliminary data is in accordance with the idea that increased functional coupling between the ventral striatum and two major emotion processing regions, the anterior cingulate cortex and the orbitofrontal cortex, may represent a neural mechanism contributing to the maintenance of full remission of MDD.

Effective Connectivity Between the Orbitofrontal Cortex and the Precuneus Differentiates Major Psychiatric Disorders: Results from a Transdiagnostic Spectral DCM Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevdalina Kandilarova ◽  
Drozdstoy Stoyanov ◽  
Katrin Aryutova ◽  
Rossitsa Paunova ◽  
Mladen Mantarkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Anterior Insula ◽  
Causal Modeling ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Healthy Controls

Background & Objective: We have previously identified aberrant connectivity of the left precuneus, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and anterior insula in patients with either a paranoid (schizophrenia), or a depressive syndrome (both unipolar and bipolar). In the current study, we attempted to replicate and expand these findings by including a healthy control sample and separating the patients in a depressive episode into two groups: unipolar and bipolar depression. We hypothesized that the connections between those major nodes of the resting state networks would demonstrate different patterns in the three patient groups compared to the healthy subjects. Method: Resting-state functional MRI was performed on a sample of 101 participants, of which 26 patients with schizophrenia (current psychotic episodes), 24 subjects with bipolar disorder (BD), 33 with major depressive disorder (MDD) (both BD and MDD patients were in a current depressive episode), and 21 healthy controls. Spectral Dynamic Causal Modeling was used to calculate the coupling values between eight regions of interest, including the anterior precuneus (PRC), anterior hippocampus, anterior insula, angular gyrus, lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), middle frontal gyrus, planum temporale, and anterior thalamus. Results & Conclusion: We identified disturbed effective connectivity from the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex to the left anterior precuneus that differed significantly between unipolar depression, where the influence was inhibitory, and bipolar depression, where the effect was excitatory. A logistic regression analysis correctly classified 75% of patients with unipolar and bipolar depression based solely on the coupling values of this connection. In addition, patients with schizophrenia demonstrated negative effective connectivity from the anterior PRC to the lateral OFC, which distinguished them from healthy controls and patients with major depression. Future studies with unmedicated patients will be needed to establish the replicability of our findings.

scholarly journals Fisher linear discriminant analysis for classification and prediction of genomic susceptibility to stomach and colorectal cancers based on six STR loci in a northern Chinese Han population

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e7004
Author(s):  
Shuhong Hao ◽  
Ming Ren ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Yujie Sui ◽  
Qingyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Linear Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Tumor Markers ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Fisher Linear Discriminant ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Str Loci ◽  
Leave One Out

Objective Gastrointestinal cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The aim of this study was to verify whether the genotype of six short tandem repeat (STR) loci including AR, Bat-25, D5S346, ER1, ER2, and FGA is associated with the risk of gastric cancer (GC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) and to develop a model that allows early diagnosis and prediction of inherited genomic susceptibility to GC and CRC. Methods Alleles of six STR loci were determined using the peripheral blood of six colon cancer patients, five rectal cancer patients, eight GC patients, and 30 healthy controls. Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FDA) was used to establish the discriminant formula to distinguish GC and CRC patients from healthy controls. Leave-one-out cross validation and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to validate the accuracy of the formula. The relationship between the STR status and immunohistochemical (IHC) and tumor markers was analyzed using multiple correspondence analysis. Results D5S346 was confirmed as a GC- and CRC-related STR locus. For the first time, we established a discriminant formula on the basis of the six STR loci, which was used to estimate the risk coefficient of suffering from GC and CRC. The model was statistically significant (Wilks’ lambda = 0.471, χ2 = 30.488, df = 13, and p = 0.004). The results of leave-one-out cross validation showed that the sensitivity of the formula was 73.7% and the specificity was 76.7%. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.926, with a sensitivity of 73.7% and a specificity of 93.3%. The STR status was shown to have a certain relationship with the expression of some IHC markers and the level of some tumor markers. Conclusions The results of this study complement clinical diagnostic criteria and present markers for early prediction of GC and CRC. This approach will aid in improving risk awareness of susceptible individuals and contribute to reducing the incidence of GC and CRC by prevention and early detection.

scholarly journals Assessing elderly’s functional balance and mobility via analyzing data from waist-mounted tri-axial wearable accelerometers in timed up and go tests

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisha Yu ◽  
Yang Zhao ◽  
Hailiang Wang ◽  
Tien-Lung Sun ◽  
Terrence E. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Models ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Regularized Regression ◽  
Balance Assessment ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Functional Balance

Abstract Background Poor balance has been cited as one of the key causal factors of falls. Timely detection of balance impairment can help identify the elderly prone to falls and also trigger early interventions to prevent them. The goal of this study was to develop a surrogate approach for assessing elderly’s functional balance based on Short Form Berg Balance Scale (SFBBS) score. Methods Data were collected from a waist-mounted tri-axial accelerometer while participants performed a timed up and go test. Clinically relevant variables were extracted from the segmented accelerometer signals for fitting SFBBS predictive models. Regularized regression together with random-shuffle-split cross-validation was used to facilitate the development of the predictive models for automatic balance estimation. Results Eighty-five community-dwelling older adults (72.12 ± 6.99 year) participated in our study. Our results demonstrated that combined clinical and sensor-based variables, together with regularized regression and cross-validation, achieved moderate-high predictive accuracy of SFBBS scores (mean MAE = 2.01 and mean RMSE = 2.55). Step length, gender, gait speed and linear acceleration variables describe the motor coordination were identified as significantly contributed variables of balance estimation. The predictive model also showed moderate-high discriminations in classifying the risk levels in the performance of three balance assessment motions in terms of AUC values of 0.72, 0.79 and 0.76 respectively. Conclusions The study presented a feasible option for quantitatively accurate, objectively measured, and unobtrusively collected functional balance assessment at the point-of-care or home environment. It also provided clinicians and elderly with stable and sensitive biomarkers for long-term monitoring of functional balance.

scholarly journals Grey matter abnormalities in Tourette syndrome: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Wen ◽  
Junjuan Yan ◽  
Liping Yu ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Jingran Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Activation Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Lentiform Nucleus ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus

Abstract Background Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by the continual presence of primary motor and vocal tics. Grey matter abnormalities have been identified in numerous studies of TS, but conflicting results have been reported. This study was an unbiased statistical meta-analysis of published neuroimaging studies of TS structures. Methods A voxel quantitative meta-analysis technique called activation likelihood estimation (ALE) was used. The meta-analysis included six neuroimaging studies involving 247 TS patients and 236 healthy controls. A statistical threshold of p < 0.05 was established based on the false discovery rate and a cluster extent threshold of 50 voxels. Results We found that grey matter volumes were significantly increased in the bilateral thalamus, right hypothalamus, right precentral gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, right lentiform nucleus, and left insula of TS patients compared to those of healthy controls. In contrast, grey matter volumes were significantly decreased in the bilateral postcentral gyrus, bilateral anterior cingulate, bilateral insula, left posterior cingulate and left postcentral gyrus of TS patients compared to those of healthy controls. Conclusions Our present meta-analysis primarily revealed significant increases in grey matter volumes in the thalamus and lentiform nucleus, and decreased grey matter volumes in the anterior cingulate gyrus, of TS patients compared to those in healthy controls. Most of these identified regions are associated with cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these changes in grey matter volumes in TS patients.

Altered Functional Connectivity Patterns of Parietal Subregions Contribute to Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients with White Matter Hyperintensities

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Qiang Wei ◽  
Shanshan Cao ◽  
Yang Ji ◽  
Jun Zhang ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
White Matter Hyperintensities ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Anterior Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity

Background: The white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are considered as one of the core neuroimaging findings of cerebral small vessel disease and independently associated with cognitive deficit. The parietal lobe is a heterogeneous area containing many subregions and play an important role in the processes of neurocognition. Objective: To explore the relationship between parietal subregions alterations and cognitive impairments in WHMs. Methods: Resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) analyses of parietal subregions were performed in 104 right-handed WMHs patients divided into mild (n = 39), moderate (n = 37), and severe WMHs (n = 28) groups according to the Fazekas scale and 36 healthy controls. Parietal subregions were defined using tractographic Human Brainnetome Atlas and included five subregions for superior parietal lobe, six subregions for inferior parietal lobe (IPL), and three subregions for precuneus. All participants underwent a neuropsychological test battery to evaluate emotional and general cognitive functions. Results: Differences existed between the rs-FC strength of IPL_R_6_2 with the left anterior cingulate gyrus, IPL_R_6_3 with the right dorsolateral superior frontal gyrus, and the IPL_R_6_5 with the left anterior cingulate gyrus. The connectivity strength between IPL_R_6_3 and the left anterior cingulate gyrus were correlated with AVLT-immediate and AVLT-recognition test in WMHs. Conclusion: We explored the roles of parietal subregions in WMHs using rs-FC. The functional connectivity of parietal subregions with the cortex regions showed significant differences between the patients with WMHs and healthy controls which may be associated with cognitive deficits in WMHs.

scholarly journals Neural effects of cognitive–behavioural therapy on dysfunctional attitudes in depression

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1425-1433 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sankar ◽  
J. Scott ◽  
A. Paszkiewicz ◽  
V. P. Giampietro ◽  
H. Steiner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Dysfunctional Attitudes ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Functional Neuroanatomy ◽  
Attentional Processing ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural

BackgroundDysfunctional attitudes are a feature of depression that has been correlated with receptor binding abnormalities in limbic and cortical regions. We sought to investigate the functional neuroanatomy of dysfunctional attitudes in major depressive disorder (MDD) and the effects of treatment with cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT).MethodParticipants were 16 patients with unipolar depression in an acute depressive episode (mean age 40.0 years) and 16 matched healthy controls (mean age 39.9 years). Patients were medication free and received a course of treatment with CBT. All participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans at baseline and at week 16, prior to the initiation of therapy and following the course of CBT for patients. During each fMRI scan, participants indicated their attributions to statements from a modified Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (mDAS-48).ResultsMDD patients in an acute depressive episode endorsed a greater number of extreme responses to DAS statements, which normalized following CBT treatment. Extreme attributions were associated with greater activation in the left hippocampal region, inferior parietal lobe and precuneus in MDD patients as compared with healthy controls as a main effect of group. An interaction effect was found in the left parahippocampal region, which showed less attenuation in MDD patients at the follow-up scan relative to healthy controls.ConclusionsAttenuation of activity in the parahippocampal region may be indicative of an improvement in dysfunctional thinking following CBT treatment in depression, while persistent engagement of regions involved in attentional processing and memory retrieval with extreme attributions reflects a trait feature of depression.

scholarly journals Connectivity changes in major depressive disorder after rTMS: a review of functional and structural connectivity data

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Schiena ◽  
G. Franco ◽  
A. Boscutti ◽  
G. Delvecchio ◽  
E. Maggioni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Antidepressant Effect ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Abstract Aims In the search for effective therapeutic strategies for depression, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) emerged as a non-invasive, promising treatment. This is because the antidepressant effect of rTMS might be related to neuronal plasticity mechanisms possibly reverting connectivity alterations often observed in depression. Therefore, in this review, we aimed at providing an overview of the findings reported by studies investigating functional and structural connectivity changes after rTMS in depression. Methods A bibliographic search was conducted on PubMed, including studies that used unilateral, excitatory (⩾10 Hz) rTMS treatment targeted on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in unipolar depressed patients. Results The majority of the results showed significant TMS-induced changes in functional connectivity (FC) between areas important for emotion regulation, including the DLPFC and the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, and among regions that are part of the major resting-state networks, such as the Default Mode Network, the Salience Networks and the Central Executive Network. Finally, in diffusion tensor imaging studies, it has been reported that rTMS appeared to increase fractional anisotropy in the frontal lobe. Limitations The small sample size, the heterogeneity of the rTMS stimulation parameters, the concomitant use of psychotropic drugs might have limited the generalisability of the results. Conclusions Overall, rTMS treatment induces structural and FC changes in brain regions and networks implicated in the pathogenesis of unipolar depression. However, whether these changes underlie the antidepressant effect of rTMS still needs to be clarified.

scholarly journals Altered fear processing in adolescents with a history of severe childhood maltreatment: an fMRI study

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 1092-1101 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Hart ◽  
L. Lim ◽  
M. A. Mehta ◽  
A. Simmons ◽  
K. A. H. Mirza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Emotion Processing ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
History Of ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions

AbstractBackgroundChildren with a history of maltreatment suffer from altered emotion processing but the neural basis of this phenomenon is unknown. This pioneering functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the effects of severe childhood maltreatment on emotion processing while controlling for psychiatric conditions, medication and substance abuse.MethodTwenty medication-naive, substance abuse-free adolescents with a history of childhood abuse, 20 psychiatric control adolescents matched on psychiatric diagnoses but with no maltreatment and 27 healthy controls underwent a fMRI emotion discrimination task comprising fearful, angry, sad happy and neutral dynamic facial expressions.ResultsMaltreated participants responded faster to fearful expressions and demonstrated hyper-activation compared to healthy controls of classical fear-processing regions of ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex, which survived at a more lenient threshold relative to psychiatric controls. Functional connectivity analysis, furthermore, demonstrated reduced connectivity between left vmPFC and insula for fear in maltreated participants compared to both healthy and psychiatric controls.ConclusionsThe findings show that people who have experienced childhood maltreatment have enhanced fear perception, both at the behavioural and neurofunctional levels, associated with enhanced fear-related ventromedial fronto-cingulate activation and altered functional connectivity with associated limbic regions. Furthermore, the connectivity adaptations were specific to the maltreatment rather than to the developing psychiatric conditions, whilst the functional changes were only evident at trend level when compared to psychiatric controls, suggesting a continuum. The neurofunctional hypersensitivity of fear-processing networks may be due to childhood over-exposure to fear in people who have been abused.

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