scholarly journals In amygdala we trust: different contributions of the basolateral and central amygdala in learning whom to trust

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Sladky ◽  
Federica Riva ◽  
Lisa Rosenberger ◽  
Jack van Honk ◽  
Claus Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Mutual Trust ◽  
Central Amygdala ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
Improved Learning

Human societies are built on cooperation and mutual trust, but not everybody is trustworthy. Research on rodents suggests an essential role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in learning from social experiences (Hernandez-Lallement J et al., 2016), which was also confirmed in human subjects with selective bilateral BLA damage as they failed to adapt their trust behavior towards trustworthy vs. untrustworthy interaction partners (Rosenberger LA et al., 2019). However, neuroimaging in neurotypical populations did not consistently report involvement of the amygdala in trust behavior. This might be explained by the difficulty of differentiating between amygdala's structurally and functionally different subnuclei, i.e., the BLA and central amygdala (CeA), which have even antagonistic features particularly in trust behavior (van Honk J et al., 2013). Here, we used fMRI of the amygdala subnuclei of neurotypical adults (n=31f/31m) engaging in the repeated trust game. Our data show that both the BLA and the CeA play a role and indeed differentially: While the BLA was most active when obtaining feedback on whether invested trust had been reciprocated or not, the CeA was most active when subjects were preparing their next trust decision. In the latter phase, improved learning was associated with higher activation differences in response to untrustworthy vs. trustworthy trustees, in both BLA and CeA. Our data not only translate to rodent models and support our earlier findings in BLA-damaged subjects, but also show the specific contributions of other brain structures in the amygdala-centered network in learning whom to trust, and better not to trust.

scholarly journals Basolateral and central amygdala orchestrate how we learn whom to trust

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Sladky ◽  
Federica Riva ◽  
Lisa Anna Rosenberger ◽  
Jack van Honk ◽  
Claus Lamm
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
Central Amygdala ◽  
Learning Success ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Human Neuroimaging

AbstractCooperation and mutual trust are essential in our society, yet not everybody is trustworthy. In this fMRI study, 62 healthy volunteers performed a repeated trust game, placing trust in a trustworthy or an untrustworthy player. We found that the central amygdala was active during trust behavior planning while the basolateral amygdala was active during outcome evaluation. When planning the trust behavior, central and basolateral amygdala activation was stronger for the untrustworthy player compared to the trustworthy player but only in participants who actually learned to differentiate the trustworthiness of the players. Independent of learning success, nucleus accumbens encoded whether trust was reciprocated. This suggests that learning whom to trust is not related to reward processing in the nucleus accumbens, but rather to engagement of the amygdala. Our study overcomes major empirical gaps between animal models and human neuroimaging and shows how different subnuclei of the amygdala and connected areas orchestrate learning to form different subjective trustworthiness beliefs about others and guide trust choice behavior.

scholarly journals The Physiology of Fear: Reconceptualizing the Role of the Central Amygdala in Fear Learning

Physiology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 389-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orion P. Keifer ◽  
Robert C. Hurt ◽  
Kerry J. Ressler ◽  
Paul J. Marvar
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Hypothalamus ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Fear Learning ◽  
Central Amygdala ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Human And Mouse

The historically understood role of the central amygdala (CeA) in fear learning is to serve as a passive output station for processing and plasticity that occurs elsewhere in the brain. However, recent research has suggested that the CeA may play a more dynamic role in fear learning. In particular, there is growing evidence that the CeA is a site of plasticity and memory formation, and that its activity is subject to tight regulation. The following review examines the evidence for these three main roles of the CeA as they relate to fear learning. The classical role of the CeA as a routing station to fear effector brain structures like the periaqueductal gray, the lateral hypothalamus, and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus will be briefly reviewed, but specific emphasis is placed on recent literature suggesting that the CeA 1) has an important role in the plasticity underlying fear learning, 2) is involved in regulation of other amygdala subnuclei, and 3) is itself regulated by intra- and extra-amygdalar input. Finally, we discuss the parallels of human and mouse CeA involvement in fear disorders and fear conditioning, respectively.

scholarly journals Disruption of Long-Term Depression Potentiates Latent Inhibition: Key Role for Central Nucleus of the Amygdala

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donovan M Ashby ◽  
Carine Dias ◽  
Lily R Aleksandrova ◽  
Christopher C Lapish ◽  
Yu Tian Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Inhibition ◽  
Conditional Stimulus ◽  
Basolateral Amygdala ◽  
Conditioned Avoidance ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Central Amygdala ◽  
Long Term Depression ◽  
Acid Receptor

Abstract Background Latent inhibition (LI) reflects an adaptive form of learning impaired in certain forms of mental illness. Glutamate receptor activity is linked to LI, but the potential role of synaptic plasticity remains unspecified. Methods Accordingly, the present study examined the possible role of long-term depression (LTD) in LI induced by prior exposure of rats to an auditory stimulus used subsequently as a conditional stimulus to signal a pending footshock. We employed 2 mechanistically distinct LTD inhibitors, the Tat-GluA23Y peptide that blocks endocytosis of the GluA2-containing glutamate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, or the selective glutamate n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 2B antagonist, Ro25-6981, administered prior to the acquisition of 2-way conditioned avoidance with or without tone pre-exposure. Results Systemic LTD blockade with the Tat-GluA23Y peptide strengthened the LI effect by further impairing acquisition of conditioned avoidance in conditional stimulus-preexposed rats compared with normal conditioning in non-preexposed controls. Systemic Ro25-6981 had no significant effects. Brain region–specific microinjections of the Tat-GluA23Y peptide into the nucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, or central or basolateral amygdala demonstrated that disruption of glutamate α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor endocytosis in the central amygdala also potentiated the LI effect. Conclusions These data revealed a previously unknown role for central amygdala LTD in LI as a key mediator of cognitive flexibility required to respond to previously irrelevant stimuli that acquire significance through reinforcement. The findings may have relevance both for our mechanistic understanding of LI and its alteration in disease states such as schizophrenia, while further elucidating the role of LTD in learning and memory.

POPDC proteins and cardiac function

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1393-1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Brand
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Effector Proteins ◽  
Muscle Disease ◽  
Disease Genes ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Interaction Partners ◽  
And Function

Abstract The Popeye domain-containing gene family encodes a novel class of cAMP effector proteins in striated muscle tissue. In this short review, we first introduce the protein family and discuss their structure and function with an emphasis on their role in cyclic AMP signalling. Another focus of this review is the recently discovered role of POPDC genes as striated muscle disease genes, which have been associated with cardiac arrhythmia and muscular dystrophy. The pathological phenotypes observed in patients will be compared with phenotypes present in null and knockin mutations in zebrafish and mouse. A number of protein–protein interaction partners have been discovered and the potential role of POPDC proteins to control the subcellular localization and function of these interacting proteins will be discussed. Finally, we outline several areas, where research is urgently needed.

The role of serotoninergic brain structures in neurotensin influence mechanism on defensive behavior in rats

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Shugalev ◽  
A. V. Stavrovskaja ◽  
S. Olshanskij ◽  
G. Hartmann ◽  
L. Lenard
Keyword(s):  
Defensive Behavior ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Influence Mechanism

The Role of Saline Aerosols in the Prevention and Therapy of Cardio-respiratory and Osteo-muscular Afflictions

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 2826-2832
Author(s):  
Ioan Gabriel Sandu ◽  
Viorica Vasilache ◽  
Andrei Victor Sandu ◽  
Marin Chirazi ◽  
Cezar Honceriu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Gaseous Medium ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Active Surface ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Climatic Parameters ◽  
Gaussian Distributions ◽  
Gaseous Media ◽  
Source Number

The saline aerosols generated in gaseous media, as nanodispersions, behave, with respect to the concentration levels and the lifespan, as trimodal distributions (the three domains with Gaussian distributions: fine or Aitken under 50 �m, medium between 50 and 500 mm and, respectively, coarse or large between 500 and 1000 mm). The generation in latent state is dependent on the active surface of the source (number of generator centres, the size and position of the fluorescences, the porosity, size and shape of the source, etc.), the climatic parameters, but also on a series of other characteristics of the gaseous medium. Our team has demonstrated experimentally that saline aerosols, NaCl type, besides the ability to prevent and treat broncho-respiratory and cardiac conditions, through coassistance of saline aerosols of other cations than sodium, and of the iodine anion, have for certain levels of concentrations propitious effects over the immune, bone and muscular systems. Similarly proved has been the positive influence on the development of children, as well the determinant role in increasing athletic performance and of other human subjects performing intense activities.

Monosodium Glutamate Toxicity and the Possible Protective Role of L–Carnitine

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Lalrinzuali Sailo ◽  
◽  
Meesala Krishna Murthy ◽  
Khandayataray Pratima ◽  
Vikas Kumar Roy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Monosodium Glutamate ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Glutamate Toxicity ◽  
Common Salt ◽  
Genotoxic Effects ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Flavour Enhancer

Monosodium glutamate is naturally available non-essential amino acids, which found in naturally occurring foods and used as flavour enhancer worldwide. Monosodium glutamate is believed to be linked with diverse health problems. The aim of the study was toxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and the protective role of L-carnitine, light on the available literature from last 25 years about diverse toxicity studies which had been carried out on animal and human models. Google scholar, NCBI, PUBMED, EMBASE, Wangfang databases, and Web of Science databases were used to retrieve the available studies. MSG was linked with deleterious effects particularly in animals including induction of obesity, diabetes, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic and genotoxic effects showed in Literature. Few reports revealed increased hunger, food intake, and obesity in human subjects due to MSG consumption. Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, and genotoxic effects of monosodium glutamate on humans carried out very limitedly. High consumption of monosodium glutamate may be linked with harmful health effects showed in available literatures. So, it is recommended to use common salt instead of MSG. Furthermore, intensive research is required to explore monosodium glutamate–related molecular and metabolic mechanisms. L-carnitine can protect from Hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, renal impairment and genotoxic effects functionally, biochemically and histopathologically with a corresponding reduction of oxidative stress.

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