scholarly journals Physiological basis underlying antidepressant-induced activation of TrkB receptors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Okko Alitalo ◽  
Samuel Kohtala ◽  
Marko Rosenholm ◽  
Piia Kohtala ◽  
Roosa Saarreharju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Utilization ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Trkb Receptors ◽  
Hypothermic Response ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Lowered Body

We show that both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments of depression activate TrkB receptors - a well-established target of antidepressants - by inducing a physiological response coupled to sedation. Several rapid-acting antidepressants trigger TrkB signaling by evoking a state associated with electroencephalographic slow-wave activity, behavioral immobility, reduced cerebral glucose utilization, and lowered body temperature. Remarkably, antidepressant-induced TrkB signaling was not compromised in animals exhibiting reduced activity-dependent release of BDNF but was diminished by maintaining animals in warm ambient temperature. Most importantly, prevention of the hypothermic response attenuated the behavioral effects produced by rapid-acting antidepressant nitrous oxide. Our results suggest that the phenomenon underlying TrkB transactivation - changes in energy expenditure and thermoregulation - is essential, but not sufficient, for antidepressant responses. Indeed, regardless of differential clinical and pharmacodynamic properties, all drugs that disrupt energy metabolism and induce hypothermia activated TrkB. This study challenges pharmacology-centric hypotheses regarding antidepressant effects and highlight the role of complex changes in bioenergetics and thermoregulation.

How to Psychologically Minimize Scratching Impulses

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 140-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Sölle ◽  
Theresa Bartholomäus ◽  
Margitta Worm ◽  
Regine Klinger
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Placebo Effect ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Physical Complaints ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Placebo Model

Research in recent years, especially in the analgesic field, has intensively studied the placebo effect and its mechanisms. It has been shown that physical complaints can be efficiently reduced via learning and cognitive processes (conditioning and expectancies). However, despite evidence demonstrating a large variety of physiological similarities between pain and itch, the possible transfer of the analgesic placebo model to itch has not yet been widely discussed in research. This review therefore aims at highlighting potential transfers of placebo mechanisms to itch processes by demonstrating the therapeutic issues in pharmacological treatments for pruritus on a physiological basis and by discussing the impact of psychological mechanisms and psychological factors influencing itch sensations.

PENGARUH PERSONAL BACKGROUND, POLITICAL BACKGROUND DAN PENGEATAHUAN DEWAN TENTANG ANGGARAN TERHADAP PERAN DPRD DALAM PENGAWASAN KEUANGAN DAERAH

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yesi Mutia Basri ◽  
Rosliana Rosliana
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Financial Control ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Political Background ◽  
Activity Dependent

This research aim to examine the influence of personal background, political background, and council budget knowledge towards the role of DPRD on region financial control. This research is motivated by the fact that individual background will effect to individual behavior on political activity. Dependent variables in this research are personal background, political background, and council budges knowledge towards the role of DPRD on region financial control Independent variables are the role of DPRD on region financial control in planning, implementing, and responsibility steps. The data in this research consist of primary data that taken from questionnaires distributed directly to respondents. The collected are from 34 Respondents that members of DPRD at Pekanbaru. Hypothesis of this research are examine by using Multivariate Analysis of Variances (MANOVA). The result of this research HI personal background political background and budget knowledge have significant influence toward the role of DPRD on region financial control in planning steps.H2 personal background, politico I background and budget knowledge have no significant influence toward the role of DPRD on region financial control in Implementing steps. H3 personal background political background and budget knowledge have no significant influence toward the role of DPRD on region financial control in Controlling steps.

Role of Ca2+ channels on the hypothermic response produced by activation of κ-opioid receptors

2002 ◽  
Vol 72 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 93-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas Gullapalli ◽  
Kumar V.S. Nemmani ◽  
Poduri Ramarao
Keyword(s):  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Hypothermic Response ◽  
Ca2 Channels

scholarly journals Thermal Physics and Glaucoma II: Preliminary Evidences for a Thermophysical Design of a Possible Visible-Light-Photons Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6301
Author(s):  
Giulia Grisolia ◽  
Mariarosa Astori ◽  
Antonio Ponzetto ◽  
Antonio Vercesi ◽  
Umberto Lucia
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Thermodynamic Approach ◽  
Equilibrium Thermodynamic ◽  
Pharmacological Treatments ◽  
Light Stimulation ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Thermal Physics ◽  
Starting Point

Recently, a non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach has been developed in order to model the fundamental role of the membrane electric potential in the cell behaviour. A related new viewpoint is introduced, with a design of a photobiomodulation treatment in order to restore part of the visual field. Here, a first step in experimental evidence of the validity of the thermodynamic approach is developed. This result represents the starting point for future experimental improvements for light stimulation in order to improve the quality of life of the patients. The future possible therapy will be in addition to the pharmacological treatments.

scholarly journals The Role of Arg13 in Protein Phosphatase M tPphA from Thermosynechococcus elongatus

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyong Su ◽  
Karl Forchhammer
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Protein Phosphatase ◽  
Arginine Residue ◽  
Side Chain ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Catalytic Center ◽  
Nitrophenyl Phosphate ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Amino Acid Variants

A highly conserved arginine residue is close to the catalytic center of PPM/PP2C-type protein phosphatases. Different crystal structures of PPM/PP2C homologues revealed that the guanidinium side chain of this arginine residue can adopt variable conformations and may bind ligands, suggesting an important role of this residue during catalysis. In this paper, we randomly mutated Arginine 13 of tPphA, a PPM/PP2C-type phosphatase from Thermosynechococcus elongatus, and obtained 18 different amino acid variants. The generated variants were tested towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate and various phosphopeptides. Towards p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, twelve variants showed 3–7 times higher Km values than wild-type tPphA and four variants (R13D, R13F, R13L, and R13W) completely lost activity. Strikingly, these variants were still able to dephosphorylate phosphopeptides, although with strongly reduced activity. The specific inability of some Arg-13 variants to hydrolyze p-nitrophenyl phosphate highlights the importance of additional substrate interactions apart from the substrate phosphate for catalysis. The properties of the R13 variants indicate that this residue assists in substrate binding.

scholarly journals Atlantic Hurricanes and Climate Change. Part II: Role of Thermodynamic Changes in Decreased Hurricane Frequency

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (21) ◽  
pp. 8513-8528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan S. Mallard ◽  
Gary M. Lackmann ◽  
Anantha Aiyyer
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind Shear ◽  
Vertical Wind ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Thermodynamic Conditions ◽  
Atlantic Hurricanes ◽  
Reduced Activity

Abstract A method of downscaling that isolates the effect of temperature and moisture changes on tropical cyclone (TC) activity was presented in Part I of this study. By applying thermodynamic modifications to analyzed initial and boundary conditions from past TC seasons, initial disturbances and the strength of synoptic-scale vertical wind shear are preserved in future simulations. This experimental design allows comparison of TC genesis events in the same synoptic setting, but in current and future thermodynamic environments. Simulations of both an active (September 2005) and inactive (September 2009) portion of past hurricane seasons are presented. An ensemble of high-resolution simulations projects reductions in ensemble-average TC counts between 18% and 24%, consistent with previous studies. Robust decreases in TC and hurricane counts are simulated with 18- and 6-km grid lengths, for both active and inactive periods. Physical processes responsible for reduced activity are examined through comparison of monthly and spatially averaged genesis-relevant parameters, as well as case studies of development of corresponding initial disturbances in current and future thermodynamic conditions. These case studies show that reductions in TC counts are due to the presence of incipient disturbances in marginal moisture environments, where increases in the moist entropy saturation deficits in future conditions preclude genesis for some disturbances. Increased convective inhibition and reduced vertical velocity are also found in the future environment. It is concluded that a robust decrease in TC frequency can result from thermodynamic changes alone, without modification of vertical wind shear or the number of incipient disturbances.

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