scholarly journals The genetic and social contributions to sex differences in lifespan in Drosophila serrata

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram P. Narayan ◽  
Alastair J. Wilson ◽  
Stephen F. Chenoweth
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Mating Status ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Deleterious Alleles ◽  
Social Contributions ◽  
Drosophila Serrata ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractSex differences in lifespan remain an intriguing puzzle for evolutionary biologists. A possible explanation for lower lifespan in males is the unconditional expression of recessive deleterious alleles in heterogametic X chromosomes in males (the unguarded X hypothesis). Empirical evidence, however, has yielded controversial results that can be attributed to differences in both genetic and social background. Here, we test the unguarded X hypothesis in Drosophila serrata using a factorial design to quantify the effects of genotype, sex, social environment, and their interactions on phenotypic variation for lifespan. Using an experimental approach, we manipulated two inbred laboratory genotypes and their reciprocal F1s, while controlling for different levels of density and mating status to account for any potential social effects. Our results also show subtle but significant genotype dependent effects for both density and mating, but ultimately find the unguarded X hypothesis insufficient to fully explain sexual dimorphism in D. serrata lifespan.

scholarly journals Inbreeding removes sex differences in lifespan in a population of Drosophila melanogaster

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 20160337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pau Carazo ◽  
Jared Green ◽  
Irem Sepil ◽  
Tommaso Pizzari ◽  
Stuart Wigby
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Deleterious Alleles ◽  
The Social ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Female Lifespan

Sex differences in ageing rates and lifespan are common in nature, and an enduring puzzle for evolutionary biology. One possibility is that sex-specific mortality rates may result from recessive deleterious alleles in ‘unguarded’ heterogametic X or Z sex chromosomes (the unguarded X hypothesis). Empirical evidence for this is, however, limited. Here, we test a fundamental prediction of the unguarded X hypothesis in Drosophila melanogaster , namely that inbreeding shortens lifespan more in females (the homogametic sex in Drosophila ) than in males. To test for additional sex-specific social effects, we studied the lifespan of males and females kept in isolation, in related same-sex groups, and in unrelated same-sex groups. As expected, outbred females outlived outbred males and inbreeding shortened lifespan. However, inbreeding-mediated reductions in lifespan were stronger for females, such that lifespan was similar in inbred females and males. We also show that the social environment, independent of inbreeding, affected male, but not female lifespan. In conjunction with recent studies, the present results suggest that asymmetric inheritance mechanisms may play an important role in the evolution of sex-specific lifespan and that social effects must be considered explicitly when studying these fundamental patterns.

Introduction: categorization, cleverness and consciousness

1985 ◽  
Vol 308 (1135) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Conscious Awareness ◽  
Object Identity ◽  
Complex Environment ◽  
Basic Form ◽  
History Of ◽  
Categorical Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Different Levels

Various recurring themes in the history of the subject are reviewed. In the context of adaptation to a complex environment, one precondition for survival must be a capacity for object identity, which may be the most basic form of categorization. Evidence will be presented that suggests that the capacity is not learned. In considering learned associations among categorized items, a distinction is made between reflexive and reflective processes: that is between those associations in which a cue or signal provides an unambiguous route to the response, no matter how complex that route may be, in contrast to those in which learned information must be ordered and reordered ‘in thought'. An example of one experimental approach to the latter is provided. Finally, the problem of conscious awareness is considered in terms of stored categorical knowledge and associations, on the one hand, and a system that monitors them, on the other. Neurological evidence of disconnections between these different levels is reviewed.

Immersed in the source text

Babel ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-285
Author(s):  
Beatriz Naranjo Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Literary Translation ◽  
Emotional Engagement ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Empirical Results ◽  
Narrative Transportation ◽  
Translation Quality ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract This study aims at exploring the phenomenon of psychological transportation in translation from an experimental approach. Firstly, we investigate whether the emotions depicted in source texts may influence the level of transportation experienced by translators. Secondly, we try to determine whether different levels of transportation in the texts can make a difference in terms of translation performance. Based on previous work about narrative transportation in products of fiction, as well as the phenomenon known as the “paradox of pleasurable sadness”, we depart from the hypothesis that sad texts lead to a higher degree of psychological transportation than happy texts (H1). Taking into account previous theories and empirical results about the benefits of visualization and emotional engagement in translation, we also predict that highly-transported participants will render higher-quality (H2) and more creative translations (H3) than low-transported participants. For this purpose, a pilot study was conducted consisting of two literary translation tasks with opposing-valence texts (happy vs. sad). Lack of statistically significant differences for our hypothesis suggests that some adjustments in the methodology would be needed to achieve conclusive results; however, we believe that further research on the impact of transportation in translation quality and creativity is still worthwhile.

Sex differences in kappa opioid receptor antinociception is influenced by the number of X chromosomes in mouse

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna M. W. Taylor ◽  
Caylin I. Chadwick ◽  
Sadaf Mehrabani ◽  
Haley Hrncir ◽  
Arthur P. Arnold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Opioid Receptor ◽  
Kappa Opioid Receptor ◽  
Kappa Opioid ◽  
X Chromosomes

Differences in Comprehension are Important in Studies of Conformity, Influence, and Persuasion

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-586
Author(s):  
Randall E. Schumacker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Cultural Role

Early reviews of research on conformity, influence, and persuasion have reported that females were more persuasible than males. Recent reviews of research have reported little empirical support for these sex differences. The literature indicates that the sex differences noted earlier and attributed to cultural role prescriptions were questioned because several other factors might have affected the results, such as differences in comprehension as the present study suggests. Different levels of comprehension would be significant in persuasion of individuals. Research should consider differences in comprehension when conducting studies of conformity, influence, or persuasion.

scholarly journals Aportes para el ciclo de formación común de los Profesorados en Historia y Geografía en el sistema educativo argentino: La renovación historiográfica y las categorías territoriales en el estudio de la realidad social / Contributions for the Common Training Cycle of Teachers in History and Geography in the Argentine Educational System: The historiographical renovation and the territorial categories in the study of the social reality

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Gustavo Norberto Duperré
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Preparation Program ◽  
Historical Reality ◽  
Training Cycle ◽  
The Social ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Social Contributions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Formación Docente

ABSTRACTAt the end of the 20th century, the Teacher Preparation Program in Argentina experienced a series of changes, as result of the renewal of public policies. In this aspect, teachers in History and Geography, as well as others of different academic orientations, have modified the choice of their contents and the processing of their objects of study, generating new challenges in the different levels of the performance of educators. Considering these processes, the redefinition of territorial categories and historical reality represents a new and a valid alternative to reinterpret social phenomena.RESUMENAl finalizar el siglo XX, la Formación Docente de Grado en la República de Argentina experimentó una serie de cambios, producto de la renovación de las políticas públicas. En este aspecto, los Profesores en Historia y en Geografía, al igual que otros de distintas orientaciones académicas, han ido modificado la elección de sus contenidos y el tratamiento de sus objetos de estudio, generando nuevos desafíos en los distintos niveles del desempeño de los educadores. Ante estos procesos, la redefinición de las categorías territoriales y la realidad histórica se presenta como una alternativa nueva y válida para reinterpretar los fenómenos sociales.

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