Differences in Comprehension are Important in Studies of Conformity, Influence, and Persuasion

1981 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 583-586
Author(s):  
Randall E. Schumacker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Cultural Role

Early reviews of research on conformity, influence, and persuasion have reported that females were more persuasible than males. Recent reviews of research have reported little empirical support for these sex differences. The literature indicates that the sex differences noted earlier and attributed to cultural role prescriptions were questioned because several other factors might have affected the results, such as differences in comprehension as the present study suggests. Different levels of comprehension would be significant in persuasion of individuals. Research should consider differences in comprehension when conducting studies of conformity, influence, or persuasion.

Universal and Specific in the Five Factor Model of Personality

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jüri Allik ◽  
Anu Realo
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Five Factor Model ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Personality Structure ◽  
The Common ◽  
Different Levels

Personality psychologists—perhaps even more than in some other disciplines—are deeply interested in what is common to personality descriptions in all cultures and societies. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the potential universality of the Five Factor Model (FFM) of general personality structure. The chapter begins with a discussion of what is meant, or should be meant, by a universal. Discussed then is the empirical support, as well as the conceptual and empirical difficulty, in establishing universality in personality structure, for the FFM as well as other dimensional models. The chapter then considers different levels of analysis (including cultural and intraindividual analyses), higher-order invariants (including sex differences, age differences, and differences in perspective), and whether mean levels are universal. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the basis for personality universals, as well as addressing the common challenges to universality.

scholarly journals The genetic and social contributions to sex differences in lifespan in Drosophila serrata

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram P. Narayan ◽  
Alastair J. Wilson ◽  
Stephen F. Chenoweth
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Social Effects ◽  
Mating Status ◽  
X Chromosomes ◽  
Deleterious Alleles ◽  
Social Contributions ◽  
Drosophila Serrata ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractSex differences in lifespan remain an intriguing puzzle for evolutionary biologists. A possible explanation for lower lifespan in males is the unconditional expression of recessive deleterious alleles in heterogametic X chromosomes in males (the unguarded X hypothesis). Empirical evidence, however, has yielded controversial results that can be attributed to differences in both genetic and social background. Here, we test the unguarded X hypothesis in Drosophila serrata using a factorial design to quantify the effects of genotype, sex, social environment, and their interactions on phenotypic variation for lifespan. Using an experimental approach, we manipulated two inbred laboratory genotypes and their reciprocal F1s, while controlling for different levels of density and mating status to account for any potential social effects. Our results also show subtle but significant genotype dependent effects for both density and mating, but ultimately find the unguarded X hypothesis insufficient to fully explain sexual dimorphism in D. serrata lifespan.

scholarly journals The Investigation of Sex Differences in the Effect of Body Mass Index

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang Xiao ◽  
Weihua Wang ◽  
Rina Sa ◽  
Lin Qiu ◽  
Feng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Prevention Of Hypertension ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Levels

Although many researches regarding risk factors for hypertension have been reported, little information is known about the effect of BMI on the prevalence of hypertension considering sex differences. The aim of this study was to examine the sex difference in the prevalence of hypertension with the predicting indicator BMI. A total number of 6330 subjects in Shaanxi were examined using multivariable logistic regression to study the relationship between genders in different levels of BMI and prevalence of hypertension. Overall, females had a higher prevalence of hypertension than males, being 28.36% and 21.55%, respectively. The mean of blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension increased as BMI getting larger. The result of multivariable logistic regression showed that obese and overweight males had higher risk of getting hypertension than their female counterparts. Further prevention of hypertension should be focused on obese and overweight males more than females and examining the mechanism of how sex differences influence the prevalence of hypertension.

Human female exogamy is supported by cross-species comparisons: Cause to recognise sex differences in societal policy?

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 400-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guy Madison
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Human Female ◽  
Species Comparisons

AbstractA sex difference in the tendency to outbreed (female exogamy) is a premise for the target article's proposed framework, which receives some support by being shared with chimpanzees but not with more distantly related primates. Further empirical support is provided, and it is suggested that recognition of sex differences might improve effective fairness, taking sexual assault as a case in point.

scholarly journals The effects of luxury restaurant environments on diners’ emotions and loyalty

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Chen ◽  
Norman Peng ◽  
Kuang-peng Hung
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Different Levels

Purpose – This paper aims to examine diners’ luxury restaurant consumption behavior by incorporating diner expectations into a modified Mehrabian–Russell model. Consumers dine at luxury restaurants for reasons beyond fulfilling basic needs. However, little is known about the factors that contribute to diners’ emotions and loyalty toward luxury restaurants. Design/methodology/approach – To examine the proposed six hypotheses, qualitative and quantitative studies were performed. Following exploratory qualitative research, 310 consumers who dined at Taiwan’s five-star hotel restaurants were recruited for the main study. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Findings – The results show that restaurants’ stimuli influence diners’ positive and negative emotions (organisms), which, in turn, affect their loyalty toward luxury restaurants (responses). Furthermore, customers with different levels of expectation react differently to stimuli. Practical implications – This study offers new empirical support for the proposition that diner expectation plays a role in building customer loyalty and, thereby, shades both theoretical and managerial understanding of the luxury restaurant consumption process. Originality/value – This study conceptualizes diners’ loyalty toward luxury restaurants (e.g. revisiting and recommending luxury restaurants) by examining the influence of restaurants’ stimuli, diners’ emotions and customers’ expectations toward luxury restaurants. Additionally, this study offers some managerial implications for practitioners.

Out of the mouths of babes: A hierarchical view of imitation by human infants

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 692-693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harlene Hayne
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primate ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Different Levels

Byrne & Russon have argued that imitation is not an all-or-none phenomenon but may instead occur at different levels. Although I applaud their theoretical framework, their data provide little empirical support for the theory. Data from studies of human infants, however, are consistent with the view that imitation may occur at different levels. These data may provide better support for Byrne & Russon's hierarchical view of imitation than the nonhuman primate data that their theory was developed to explain.

scholarly journals Climatic factors and species range position predict sexually antagonistic selection across taxa

2018 ◽  
Vol 373 (1757) ◽  
pp. 20170415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen P. De Lisle ◽  
Debora Goedert ◽  
Aaron M. Reedy ◽  
Erik I. Svensson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Local Adaptation ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Species Range ◽  
Geographical Range ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Sexual Antagonism ◽  
Antagonistic Selection ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Selection

Sex differences in selection are ubiquitous in sexually reproducing organisms. When the genetic basis of traits is shared between the sexes, such sexually antagonistic selection (SAS) creates a potential constraint on adaptive evolution. Theory and laboratory experiments suggest that environmental variation and the degree of local adaptation may all affect the frequency and intensity of SAS. Here, we capitalize on a large database of over 700 spatially or temporally replicated estimates of sex-specific phenotypic selection from wild populations, combined with data on microclimates and geographical range information. We performed a meta-analysis to test three predictions from SAS theory, that selection becomes more concordant between males and females: (1) in more stressful environments, (2) in more variable environments and (3) closer to the edge of the species' range. We find partial empirical support for all three predictions. Within-study analyses indicate SAS decreases in extreme environments, as indicated by a relationship with maximum temperature, minimum precipitation and evaporative potential (PET). Across studies, we found that the average level of SAS at high latitudes was lower, where environmental conditions are typically less stable. Finally, we found evidence for reduced SAS in populations that are far from the centre of their geographical range. However, and notably, we also found some evidence of reduced average strength of selection in these populations, which is in contrast to predictions from classical theoretical models on range limit evolution. Our results suggest that environmental lability and species range position predictably influence sex-specific selection and sexual antagonism in the wild. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking local adaptation with the evolution of sex differences’.

Yellow Perch (Perca flavescens) Biomass Responses to Different Levels of Phytoplankton and Benthic Biomass in Lake Memphremagog, Quebec–Vermont

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 1785-1797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian S. Nakashima ◽  
William C. Leggett
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Perca Flavescens ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Controlled Systems ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Second Year ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Levels

Perch biomass in Lake Memphremagog, Quebec was 2.5 times greater in the more productive south than in the less productive north basins. This difference is on the same order of magnitude as biomass differences in the phytoplankton (approximately 1.6×) and benthic (approximately 3×) communities. The difference in perch biomass is attributed to a larger perch population in the south basin. Growth was similar in both basins, and therefore independent of production at these lower trophic levels. Perch growth in both basins is maximal for the Quebec area and probably controlled by the length of the growing season. Abundance levels are fixed by the fourth year and possibly prior to reaching the second year of life. Perch biomass responses to different food levels in Lake Memphremagog provide empirical support to Moore’s (1941) suggestion that at abundant food levels, population size and not growth is enhanced. Previous experiments defining the relation between growth and nutrient concentration and/or primary production did not fully represent the situation in Lake Memphremagog. This may have been due to conditions in simple, controlled systems not usually found in natural, complex ones.

Student and Parent Attitudes to Music

1981 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
Laurence Lepherd
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Music Education ◽  
Parent Education ◽  
Education Program ◽  
Music Educators ◽  
Parent Attitudes ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Children's Education ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Parent Education Program

This study demonstrates the wide divergence of attitudes to various aspects of music between students of different levels of education, localities and sex, and also between students and their parents, and between parents of different sex. Differences in attitude between parents of a number of occupational groups, however, are seen to be less marked. The author concludes that recognition of these differences between students must be considered when designing curricula. Because parents have such a low regard for the importance of music in their children's education, it is necessary for music educators to carry out a ‘parent education program’, helping parents to become more aware of the new and more vital approach to music education taking place in many of today's schools.

scholarly journals Sex Differences in Voyeuristic and Exhibitionistic Interests: Exploring the Mediating Roles of Sociosexuality and Sexual Compulsivity from an Evolutionary Perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew George Thomas ◽  
Bridie Stone ◽  
Paul Bennett ◽  
Steve Stewart-Williams ◽  
Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Mating Strategy ◽  
Sexual Compulsivity ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractSociosexuality and sexual compulsivity predict sex differences in voyeuristic interest in the population. In this study, we used a sample of 1113 participants from the UK (46% men) to consider whether sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity interacted to explain these sex differences and whether this relationship extended to the related domain of exhibitionism. In doing so, we tested novel predictions derived from an evolutionary perspective which views voyeuristic and exhibitionistic interest as manifestations of a short-term mating strategy. Participants reported their levels of repulsion toward voyeurism and exhibitionism and their interest in performing such acts under different levels of risk. There were clear sex differences in voyeuristic and exhibitionistic repulsion that were partially mediated by the serial combination of sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity. Examining the sexes separately revealed qualitatively different relationships between sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity when predicting exhibitionistic, but not voyeuristic, repulsion. Combined, sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity also mediated the sex difference in willingness to commit acts of voyeurism, but not exhibitionism, which was equally low for both sexes. The results highlight the role sociosexuality plays in voyeuristic and exhibitionistic interest, which coupled with an evolutionary perspective, may have implications for how we view courtship disorders.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document