Global trade-offs in tree functional traits

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Maynard ◽  
Lalasia Bialic-Murphy ◽  
Constantin M. Zohner ◽  
Colin Averill ◽  
Johan van den Hoogen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Plant Trait ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Structure Tree ◽  
And Function

AbstractDue to massive energetic investments in woody support structures, trees are subject to unique physiological, mechanical, and ecological pressures not experienced by herbaceous plants. When considering trait relationships across the entire plant kingdom, plant trait frameworks typically must omit traits unique to large woody species, thereby limiting our understanding of how these distinct ecological pressures shape trait relationships in trees. Here, by considering 18 functional traits—reflecting leaf economics, wood structure, tree size, reproduction, and below-ground allocation—we quantify the major axes of variation governing trait expression of trees worldwide. We show that trait variation within and across angiosperms and gymnosperms is captured by two independent processes: one reflecting tree size and competition for light, the other reflecting leaf photosynthetic capacity and nutrient economies. By exploring multidimensional relationships across clusters of traits, we further identify a representative set of seven traits which captures the majority of variation in form and function in trees: maximum tree height, stem conduit diameter, specific leaf area, seed mass, bark thickness, root depth, and wood density. Collectively, this work informs future trait-based research into the functional biogeography of trees, and contributes to our fundamental understanding of the ecological and evolutionary controls on forest biodiversity and productivity worldwide.

Native Advertising in Online News: Trade-Offs Among Clicks, Brand Recognition, and Website Trustworthiness

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anocha Aribarg ◽  
Eric M. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Online Advertising ◽  
Online News ◽  
Editorial Content ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Brand Recognition ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Conflicting Objectives ◽  
And Function ◽  
Click Through Rate

Native advertising is a type of online advertising that matches the form and function of the platform on which it appears. In practice, the choice between display and in-feed native advertising presents brand advertisers and online news publishers with conflicting objectives. Advertisers face a trade-off between ad clicks and brand recognition, whereas publishers need to strike a balance between ad clicks and the platform’s trustworthiness. For policy makers, concerns that native advertising confuses customers prompted the U.S. Federal Trade Commission to issue guidelines for disclosing native ads. This research aims to understand how consumers respond to native ads versus display ads and to different styles of native ad disclosures, using randomized online and field experiments combining behavioral clickstream, eye movement, and survey response data. The results show that when the position of an ad on a news page is controlled for, a native ad generates a higher click-through rate because it better resembles the surrounding editorial content. However, a display ad leads to more visual attention, brand recognition, and trustworthiness for the website than a native ad.

A multifunction trade-off has contrasting effects on the evolution of form and function

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A Corn ◽  
Christopher M Martinez ◽  
Edward D Burress ◽  
Peter C Wainwright
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Functional Diversification ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Kinematic Evolution ◽  
Rates Of Evolution ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Feeding Mechanics ◽  
And Function ◽  
Suction Performance ◽  
Clear Support

Abstract Trade-offs caused by the use of an anatomical apparatus for more than one function are thought to be an important constraint on evolution. However, whether multifunctionality suppresses diversification of biomechanical systems is challenged by recent literature showing that traits more closely tied to trade-offs evolve more rapidly. We contrast the evolutionary dynamics of feeding mechanics and morphology between fishes that exclusively capture prey with suction and multifunctional species that augment this mechanism with biting behaviors to remove attached benthic prey. Diversification of feeding kinematic traits was, on average, over 13.5 times faster in suction feeders, consistent with constraint on biters due to mechanical trade-offs between biting and suction performance. Surprisingly, we found that the evolution of morphology contrasts directly with these differences in kinematic evolution, with significantly faster rates of evolution of head shape in biters. This system provides clear support for an often postulated, but rarely confirmed prediction that multifunctionality stifles functional diversification, while also illustrating the sometimes weak relationship between form and function.

scholarly journals WOODIV, a database of occurrences, functional traits, and phylogenetic data for all Euro-Mediterranean trees

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Christine Monnet ◽  
Kévin Cilleros ◽  
Frédéric Médail ◽  
Marwan Cheikh Albassatneh ◽  
Juan Arroyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Functional Trait ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Conservation Biogeography ◽  
Occurrence Data ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Mediterranean Basin

AbstractTrees play a key role in the structure and function of many ecosystems worldwide. In the Mediterranean Basin, forests cover approximately 22% of the total land area hosting a large number of endemics (46 species). Despite its particularities and vulnerability, the biodiversity of Mediterranean trees is not well known at the taxonomic, spatial, functional, and genetic levels required for conservation applications. The WOODIV database fills this gap by providing reliable occurrences, four functional traits (plant height, seed mass, wood density, and specific leaf area), and sequences from three DNA-regions (rbcL, matK, and trnH-psbA), together with modelled occurrences and a phylogeny for all 210 Euro-Mediterranean tree species. We compiled, homogenized, and verified occurrence data from sparse datasets and collated them on an INSPIRE-compliant 10 × 10 km grid. We also gathered functional trait and genetic data, filling existing gaps where possible. The WOODIV database can benefit macroecological studies in the fields of conservation, biogeography, and community ecology.

scholarly journals Trade-offs among plant reproductive traits determine interactions with floral visitors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose B. Lanuza ◽  
Romina Rader ◽  
Jamie Stavert ◽  
Liam K. Kendall ◽  
Manu E. Saunders ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Plant Life ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Plant Form ◽  
And Function ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Plant life-history strategies are constrained by cost-benefit trade-offs that determine plant form and function. However, despite recent advances in the understanding of trade-offs for vegetative and physiological traits, little is known about plant reproductive economics and how they constrain plant life-history strategies and shape interactions with floral visitors. Here, we investigate plant reproductive trade-offs and how these drive interactions with floral visitors using a dataset of 17 reproductive traits for 1,506 plant species from 28 plant-pollinator studies across 18 countries. We tested whether a plant's reproductive strategy predicts its interactions with floral visitors and if the different reproductive traits predict the plant's role within the pollination network. We found that over half of all plant reproductive trait variation was explained by two independent axes that encompassed plant form and function. Specifically, the first axis indicated the presence of a trade-off between flower number and flower size, while the second axis indicated a pollinator dependency trade-off. Plant reproductive trade-offs helped explain partly the presence or absence of interactions with floral visitors, but not differences in visitation rate. However, we did find important differences in the interaction level among floral visitor guilds on the different axes of trait variation. Finally, we found that plant size and floral rewards were the most important traits in the understanding of the plant species network role. Our results highlight the importance of plant reproductive trade-offs in determining plant life-history strategies and plant-pollinator interactions in a global context.

scholarly journals On the evolution of baboon greeting rituals

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Dal Pesco ◽  
Julia Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Contest Competition ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Function ◽  
Aggressive Signals

To balance the trade-offs of male co-residence, males living in multi-male groups may exchange ritualized greetings. Although these non-aggressive signals are widespread in the animal kingdom, the repertoire described in the genus Papio is exceptional, involving potentially harmful behaviours such as genital fondling. Such greetings are among the most striking male baboon social interactions, yet their function remains disputed. Drawing on the comprehensive analysis from our own research on wild Guinea baboons, combined with a survey of the literature into other baboon species, we review the form and function of male-male ritualized greetings and their relation to the various social systems present in this genus. These ritualized signals differ between species in their occurrence, form, and function. While ritualized greetings are rare in species with the most intense contest competition, the complexity of and risk involved in greeting rituals increase with the degree of male-male tolerance and cooperation. The variety of societies found in this genus, combined with its role as a model for human socioecological evolution, sheds light on the evolution of ritualized behaviour in non-human primates and rituals in humans.

scholarly journals The Limits to Adaptation in Restored Ecosystems and How Management Can Help Overcome Them

2019 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Lau ◽  
Susan M. Magnoli ◽  
Chad R. Zirbel ◽  
Lars A. Brudvig
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Site Selection ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Face ◽  
Restored Prairie ◽  
And Function

Adaptation drives the diversity of form and function observed in nature and is key to population persistence. Yet, adaptation can be limited by a lack of genetic variation, trade-offs, small population size, and constraints imposed by coevolving interacting species. These limits may be particularly important to the colonizing populations in restored ecosystems, such as native prairies restored through seed sowing. Here, we discuss how constraints to adaptation are likely to play out in restored prairie ecosystems and how management decisions, such as seed mix composition, prescribed fire, and strategic site selection, might be used to overcome some of these constraints. Although data are still limited, recent work suggests that restored prairie populations likely face strong selection and that promoting the potential for adaptation in these systems may be necessary for restoring populations both now and in the face of further global change.

CSR ecological strategies, functional traits and trade-offs of woody species in Amazon sandplain forest

Flora ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 273 ◽  
pp. 151710
Author(s):  
Handria de Jesus Araujo da Costa ◽  
Ely Simone Cajueiro Gurgel ◽  
Dário Dantas do Amaral ◽  
Liziane Vilela Vasconcelos ◽  
Luane Gabriela Botelho Rebelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Ecological Strategies ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Functional traits and phenotypic plasticity modulate species coexistence across contrasting environments

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ignacio Manuel Perez-Ramos ◽  
Luis Matias ◽  
Lorena Gomez Aparicio ◽  
Oscar Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Functional Traits ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Species Coexistence ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Competitive Dynamics ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Rich Diversity ◽  
Trade Offs

Functional traits are expected to modulate plant competitive dynamics. However, how traits and their plasticity in response to contrasting environments connect with the mechanisms determining species coexistence remains poorly understood. Here, we coupled field experiments under two contrasted climatic conditions to a plant population model describing competitive dynamics between 10 annual plant species in order to evaluate the associations of niche and fitness differences with 19 functional traits covering physiological, morphological and reproductive characteristics. We found a rich diversity of univariate and multidimensional relationships, in which outstand the primary role of traits related to water- and light-use-efficiency in modulating the determinants of competitive outcomes. Importantly, such traits and their plasticity promoted species coexistence across climatic conditions by enhancing stabilizing niche differences and by generating competitive trade-offs between species. Our study represents a significant advance showing how leading dimensions of plant form and function connect to the mechanisms determining the maintenance of biodiversity.

scholarly journals On the evolution of baboon greeting rituals

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20190420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Dal Pesco ◽  
Julia Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Contest Competition ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Function ◽  
Aggressive Signals

To balance the trade-offs of male co-residence, males living in multi-male groups may exchange ritualized greetings. Although these non-aggressive signals are widespread in the animal kingdom, the repertoire described in the genus Papio is exceptional, involving potentially harmful behaviours such as genital fondling. Such greetings are among the most striking male baboon social interactions, yet their function remains disputed. Drawing on the comprehensive analysis from our own research on wild Guinea baboons, combined with a survey of the literature into other baboon species, we review the form and function of male–male ritualized greetings and their relation to the various social systems present in this genus. These ritualized signals differ between species in their occurrence, form and function. While ritualized greetings are rare in species with the most intense contest competition, the complexity of and risk involved in greeting rituals increase with the degree of male–male tolerance and cooperation. The variety of societies found in this genus, combined with its role as a model for human socioecological evolution, sheds light on the evolution of ritualized behaviour in non-human primates and rituals in humans. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ritual renaissance: new insights into the most human of behaviours’.

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