scholarly journals Objective method reveals minimum time required to quantify net cost of transport across slow to fast walking speeds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolatito Adeyeri ◽  
Shernice A. Thomas ◽  
Christopher J. Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Time Window ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Objective Method ◽  
Cost Of Transport ◽  
Fast Walking ◽  
Steady Rate ◽  
Metabolic Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Walking Speeds

The U-shaped net cost of transport (COT) curve of walking has helped scientists understand the biomechanical basis that underlies energy minimization during walking. However, to produce an individual's net COT curve, data must be analyzed during periods of steady-rate metabolism. Traditionally, studies analyze the last few minutes of a 6-10 min trial, assuming that steady-rate metabolism has been achieved. Yet, it is possible that an individual achieves steady rates of metabolism much earlier. However, there is no consensus on how to objectively quantify steady-rate metabolism across a range of walking speeds. Therefore, we developed an objective method to determine the minimum time needed for humans to achieve steady rates of metabolism across slow to fast walking speeds. We hypothesized that a shorter time window could be used to produce a net COT curve that is comparable to the net COT curve created using traditional methods. We analyzed metabolic data from twenty-one subjects who completed several 7-min walking trials ranging from 0.50-2.00 m/s. We partitioned the metabolic data for each trial into moving 1-min, 2-min, and 3 min intervals and calculated their slopes. We statistically compared these slope values to values derived from the last 3-min of the 7-min trial, our 'gold' standard comparison. We found that a minimum of 2 min is required to achieve steady-rate metabolism and that data from 2-4 min yields a net COT curve that is not statistically different from the one derived from experimental protocols that are generally accepted in the field.

Minimum Time Kinematic Motions of a Cartesian Mobile Manipulator for a Fruit Harvesting Robot

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moshe P. Mann ◽  
Boaz Zion ◽  
Dror Rubinstein ◽  
Raphael Linker ◽  
Itzhak Shmulevich
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Procedure ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Mobile Manipulator ◽  
Principle Of Optimality ◽  
Time Optimal ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Endpoint Constraints ◽  
Cartesian Manipulator ◽  
Harvesting Robot

This paper describes an analytical procedure to calculate the time-optimal trajectory for a mobile Cartesian manipulator to traverse between any two fruits it picks up it. The goal is to minimize the time required from the retrieval of one fruit to that of the next while adhering to velocity, acceleration, location, and endpoint constraints. This is accomplished using a six stage procedure, based on Bellman's Principle of Optimality and nonsmooth optimization that is completely analytical and requires no numerical computations. The procedure sequentially calculates all relevant parameters, from which side of the mobile platform to place the fruit on to the velocity profile and drop-off point, that yield a minimum time trajectory. In addition, it provides a time window under which the mobile manipulator can traverse from any fruit to any other, which can be used for a globally optimal retrieving sequence algorithm.

Do humans exploit the metabolic and mechanical benefits of arm swing across slow to fast walking speeds?

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 110181
Author(s):  
Shernice A. Thomas ◽  
Daisey Vega ◽  
Christopher J. Arellano
Keyword(s):  
Arm Swing ◽  
Fast Walking ◽  
Walking Speeds

scholarly journals Statistical Analysis using traditional technique, Microsoft Excel and Predictive Analytic Software

10.17158/514 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovelyn M. Durango ◽  
Carlito P. Yurango
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Instructional Tools ◽  
Traditional Technique ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Required

<p>The advent of technology has improved the way statistics is taught and learned. It is claimed that the use of computer-based instructional tools can actively explore the meaning of statistical concepts among the students, as well as enhance their learning experiences. This study aimed to compare three methods of statistical analysis namely, the traditional technique (use of the calculator), Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. This investigation utilized the experimental design, specifically the One-Group Pretest – Posttest Design. There were six education students who self-assessed their attitude before and after the introduction of the use of various computation techniques and performed the statistical analysis considering also the completion time required for each process. Results of the study revealed an increase in the level of attitude among the respondents form the pretest to the posttest. Also, the cognitive level regardless of the approach was very high. However, the t-test failed to establish a significant difference in the attitude among the respondents. On the other hand, there were significant differences in both the test scores and completion time of the respondents in the three methods in favor of SPSS.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Information technology, statistics, traditional technique, Microsoft excel, SPSS, comparative analysis, experimental research design, Davao City, Philippines. </p>

scholarly journals Minimum time required to detect population trends: the need for long-term monitoring programs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Easton R White
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Series Length ◽  
Time Required

Long-term time series are necessary to better understand population dynamics, assess species' conservation status, and make management decisions. However, population data are often expensive, requiring a lot of time and resources. When is a population time series long enough to address a question of interest? We determine the minimum time series length required to detect significant increases or decreases in population abundance. To address this question, we use simulation methods and examine 878 populations of vertebrate species. Here we show that 15-20 years of continuous monitoring are required in order to achieve a high level of statistical power. For both simulations and the time series data, the minimum time required depends on trend strength, population variability, and temporal autocorrelation. These results point to the importance of sampling populations over long periods of time. We argue that statistical power needs to be considered in monitoring program design and evaluation. Time series less than 15-20 years are likely underpowered and potentially misleading.

scholarly journals Instruments and Methods: The USA CRREL Drill for Thermal Coring in Ice

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (53) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert T. Ueda ◽  
Donald E. Garfield
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Time ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Electrical Cable ◽  
Additional Equipment ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Electrothermal Unit

The USA CRREL drill is an 80-kg, electrothermal unit designed for continuous coring in temperate or polar ice or snow. The drill melts a hole approximately 16.3 cm in diameter and retrieves a core approximately 12.2 cm in diameter at rates from 1.9 m h−1 in −28°C ice to 2.3 m h−1 in temperate ice. The melt water formed is removed by a vacuum system and stored in a tank. Additional equipment includes 450 m of armored electrical cable, a hoist, a 6.7-m tower and a gasoline generator. The minimum time required to drill a 450-m hole is 435 h. All of the equipment has been designed to be assembled and operated by two men and has a gross shipping weight of 1180 kg.

Teleworking in the Field of Financial Audit in the Context Generated by the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (163) ◽  
pp. 501-515
Author(s):  
Nicoleta FARCANE ◽  
◽  
Ovidiu-Constantin Bunget ◽  
Rodica BLIDISEL ◽  
Alin-Constantin DUMITRESCU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
Financial Audit ◽  
Travelling Time ◽  
Professional Practitioners ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Restrictive Measures

In the sensitive socio-economic context generated by the COVID-19 pandemic, teleworking was, in many fields, a way to continue the activity while complying to the measures imposed by law in order to fight the spread of the new Coronavirus. On the one hand, teleworking offers flexibility in setting the work schedule, eliminates travelling time to and from the worksite and allows to attract competent employees from all over the world, by means of digitalisation. On the other hand, working from home is a challenge. The time required to transfer the activity in the virtual space, and the additional training necessary for the use of innovative information technologies can reduce efficiency and affect the work-life balance. This paper focuses on the audit profession, which had to rethink remote auditing so as to comply with the restrictive measures, but at the same time to avoid affecting the quality of audit missions. The questionnaire distributed among professional practitioners, members of the CFAR, helped us identify the perception of Romanian financial auditors on the variables influencing the efficiency of the audit work carried out in the “new normal” and the extent to which teleworking could become a practice in future financial audit missions.

scholarly journals Using Google Earth™ and Geographical Information System data as method to delineate sample domains for an urban household surveys: the case of Maroua (Far North Region-Cameroon)

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald R. B. Ngom Vougat ◽  
Steven Chouto ◽  
Sylvain Aoudou Doua ◽  
Rebecca Garabed ◽  
André Zoli Pagnah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Google Earth ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Low Incomes ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
System Data ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Background Getting a random household sample during a survey can be expensive and very difficult especially in urban area and non-specialist. This study aimed to test an alternative method using freely available aerial imagery. Methods A gridded map and random selection method was used to select households for interviews. A hundred numbered of points were put along the edges of an updated map of Maroua. Then two numbers were randomly draw at a time and a line was drawn between those two numbers. A lot of different kinds of shapes of different sizes obtained were numbered. Ten shapes were randomly draw and the one selected were considered as ‘neighbourhoods’. A grid of 30 m × 30 m was drawn over each and then numbered. 202 grids considered here as households were randomly selected from the ten neighbourhoods for interviews. Results Out of 202 households visited, only 4 were found to be something other than a house. In addition, 30 sampled households (14.85%) were abandoned or the occupants had relocated elsewhere. This method resulted in an accuracy level of 72%, its advantage is the ability to generate efficient random sample at relatively low cost as well the time required. Conclusions The method proposed in this study was efficient and cost-effective when compared to the infield generation of a household inventory or Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking of households. It can then be used by researchers in low-incomes countries where funding for research is a challenge. However, this method needs to train the investigators on how to use the GPS.

Minimum time required for assessing step variability during running at submaximal velocities

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Pedro A. Latorre-Román ◽  
Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo ◽  
Juan A. Párraga-Montilla ◽  
Luis E. Roche-Seruendo
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Time ◽  
Time Required

scholarly journals Trade-offs between driving nodes and time-to-control in complex networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sérgio Pequito ◽  
Victor M. Preciado ◽  
Albert-László Barabási ◽  
George J. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Complex Networks ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Small Time ◽  
Synthetic Network ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Time Required

Abstract Recent advances in control theory provide us with efficient tools to determine the minimum number of driving (or driven) nodes to steer a complex network towards a desired state. Furthermore, we often need to do it within a given time window, so it is of practical importance to understand the trade-offs between the minimum number of driving/driven nodes and the minimum time required to reach a desired state. Therefore, we introduce the notion of actuation spectrum to capture such trade-offs, which we used to find that in many complex networks only a small fraction of driving (or driven) nodes is required to steer the network to a desired state within a relatively small time window. Furthermore, our empirical studies reveal that, even though synthetic network models are designed to present structural properties similar to those observed in real networks, their actuation spectra can be dramatically different. Thus, it supports the need to develop new synthetic network models able to replicate controllability properties of real-world networks.

RADIOPHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN ZOOPLANKTON AND MICROORGANISMS

1957 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 769-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Harris
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Uptake Rate ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Turnover Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lag Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Time Required

The exchange of radiophosphonis between water on the one hand and Artemia, Gammarus, and microorganisms on the other was observed. Results are expressed as turnover time, which is related to the rate at which phosphorus moves back and forth, being defined as the time required for as much material as is present to enter or leave a phase of the system. Tt for Arlemia is 14 hours; for Gammarus 43 hours; the equilibrium between organic and inorganic phosphorus in the presence of microorganisms has a Tt of 19 hours. In Gammarus there is a lag period of a few hours before they reach a maximal uptake rate. Gammarus, treated with terramycin to kill bacteria, do not remove appreciable quantities of radiophosphorus from water. Evidently they must acquire their phosphorus from particulate matter, such as bacteria.

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