scholarly journals Instruments and Methods: The USA CRREL Drill for Thermal Coring in Ice

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (53) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert T. Ueda ◽  
Donald E. Garfield
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Time ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Electrical Cable ◽  
Additional Equipment ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Electrothermal Unit

The USA CRREL drill is an 80-kg, electrothermal unit designed for continuous coring in temperate or polar ice or snow. The drill melts a hole approximately 16.3 cm in diameter and retrieves a core approximately 12.2 cm in diameter at rates from 1.9 m h−1 in −28°C ice to 2.3 m h−1 in temperate ice. The melt water formed is removed by a vacuum system and stored in a tank. Additional equipment includes 450 m of armored electrical cable, a hoist, a 6.7-m tower and a gasoline generator. The minimum time required to drill a 450-m hole is 435 h. All of the equipment has been designed to be assembled and operated by two men and has a gross shipping weight of 1180 kg.

scholarly journals Instruments and Methods: The USA CRREL Drill for Thermal Coring in Ice

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (53) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert T. Ueda ◽  
Donald E. Garfield
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Time ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Electrical Cable ◽  
Additional Equipment ◽  
Melt Water ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Electrothermal Unit

The USA CRREL drill is an 80-kg, electrothermal unit designed for continuous coring in temperate or polar ice or snow. The drill melts a hole approximately 16.3 cm in diameter and retrieves a core approximately 12.2 cm in diameter at rates from 1.9 m h−1in −28°C ice to 2.3 m h−1in temperate ice. The melt water formed is removed by a vacuum system and stored in a tank. Additional equipment includes 450 m of armored electrical cable, a hoist, a 6.7-m tower and a gasoline generator. The minimum time required to drill a 450-m hole is 435 h. All of the equipment has been designed to be assembled and operated by two men and has a gross shipping weight of 1180 kg.

scholarly journals Minimum time required to detect population trends: the need for long-term monitoring programs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Easton R White
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Series Length ◽  
Time Required

Long-term time series are necessary to better understand population dynamics, assess species' conservation status, and make management decisions. However, population data are often expensive, requiring a lot of time and resources. When is a population time series long enough to address a question of interest? We determine the minimum time series length required to detect significant increases or decreases in population abundance. To address this question, we use simulation methods and examine 878 populations of vertebrate species. Here we show that 15-20 years of continuous monitoring are required in order to achieve a high level of statistical power. For both simulations and the time series data, the minimum time required depends on trend strength, population variability, and temporal autocorrelation. These results point to the importance of sampling populations over long periods of time. We argue that statistical power needs to be considered in monitoring program design and evaluation. Time series less than 15-20 years are likely underpowered and potentially misleading.

Minimum time required for assessing step variability during running at submaximal velocities

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 186-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe García-Pinillos ◽  
Pedro A. Latorre-Román ◽  
Rodrigo Ramírez-Campillo ◽  
Juan A. Párraga-Montilla ◽  
Luis E. Roche-Seruendo
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Time ◽  
Time Required

Artificial radioactivity layers in the Devon Island ice cap, Northwest Territories

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1251-1255 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Koerner ◽  
H. Taniguchi
Keyword(s):  
Northwest Territories ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Polar Ice ◽  
Artificial Radioactivity ◽  
Ice Caps ◽  
Devon Island ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Positive Balance ◽  
Melt Water

Bomb-produced radioactive fall-out layers are evident in the firn at the top of the Devon Island ice cap and also lower down in a zone where accumulation is in the form of re-frozen melt-water. This allows 1963–1974 snow accumulation (positive balance) gradients for the same period to be determined on sub-polar ice caps in Canada.

scholarly journals Need for teleconsultation among the emergency medicine and critical care personnel during pre-hospital transport in a tertiary care unit

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 176
Author(s):  
V. Karunai Kadhir ◽  
T. Hemalatha ◽  
V. P. Chandrasekaran
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Medicine ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Improve Patient Safety ◽  
Prehospital Care ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Time Required

Background: Time being the most crucial factors in emergency medicine, teleconsultation enables patient assessment by specialists, immediate reception of appropriate treatment guidelines until the patient's arrival at hospital.Methods: Our study evaluated the need for teleconsultation among the emergency physicians (EP) and emergency technicians (ET) in a tertiary care hospital. Cross-sectional study conducted in Department of Emergency Medicine, a tertiary care setting. Pretested semi-structured questionnaire was given to EP and ET. Various parameters like the need for teleconsultation, the minimum time required for EMS (emergency medical services) to arrive at the scene and to the hospital, effectiveness of teleconsultation in prehospital care were evaluated.Results: SPSS version 18.0 was used. 24 EP and 36 ET participated in the study. The minimum time required for the EMS to arrive at the scene and then to hospital was calculated indirectly to be > 30 min. There was a significant difference among the EP an ET in interpreting common emergency condition p = 0.029 and criticality assessment p=0.035.The training of EMS staffs was adequate. Both EP and ET were able to adhere recent guidelines during prehospital transport. All the study participants (100%) felt the need for teleconsultation which would improve the patient management during the prehospital period.Conclusions: Teleconsultation has the potential to improve patient safety and quality of treatment in a prehospital setting and should be further evaluated.  

A High Vacuum Scanning Electron Microscope

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 422-423
Author(s):  
W. R. Bottoms
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Electron Source ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Vacuum System ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Scanning Electron

The vacuum system of any electron optical instrument effects the contamination rate, electron source life, the quality of the electron source which can be employed, vibration amplitudes and stray magnetic field levels. It is particularly important for the scanning electron microscope where the object of primary interest is a specimen surface which can be altered by contamination. If we extend our investigations to employ Auger electron spectroscopy for surface chemical analysis, the requirements on the vacuum system are much more stringent. It is necessary that the chemical composition of the surface monolayer is not appreciably altered during the time required to take Auger spectra. The vacuum level required to accomplish this is dependent on the specimen material and the chemical composition of the ambient gas.Commercially available equipment can be modified to provide a vacuum environment maximizing the analytical capabilities of the instrument. The gas loads from the specimen and electron gun chambers of the instrument are minimized by utilizing only materials with favorable outgassing rates, and employing a gentle bakeout to remove water and other loosely bound gases on the system surfaces.

STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE MUSKRAT IN MANITOBA: PART I. OESTROUS CYCLE AND BREEDING SEASON

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
J. A. McLeod ◽  
G. F. Bondar
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Season ◽  
Cycle Length ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Vaginal Smear ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Mean Time

A study of oestrus in female muskrats was conducted during the summers of 1950 and 1951 as part of a five year investigation of the biology of the muskrat in Manitoba. Two captive females examined daily by the vaginal smear method from June 30 to Aug. 10, 1950, inconclusively indicated an oestrous cycle length of about 30 days which agreed with the findings of Beer on Wisconsin muskrats. In 9151 10 female muskrats of various ages and of different lengths of time in captivity were examined daily beginning on March 13 and continuing until August 15. The data obtained at this time showed a considerable variation in the lengths of the oestrous cycles in different females or, even, in the same individual from time to time. The minimum time required for the completion of an oestrous cycle was found to be two days while the maximum time observed was 22 days. On the basis of 136 complete oestrous cycles studied, the modal time was found to be approximately four days and the mean time 6.1 days. The longer cycles found by ourselves in 1950 and by Beer are interpreted as representing pseudopregnancies and not oestrous cycles. Failure of muskrats to mate in captivity or in the wild during the latter part of the summer is attributed to sexual inactivity of the males and not the females.

Detecting Adverse Reactions to Drugs

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.N. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Special Needs ◽  
Drug Safety ◽  
Diethylene Glycol ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Special Provision

1 Present attitudes to drug safety have been shaped largely by a series of disasters. 2 In 1937 about 107 people in the USA died of poisoning by diethylene glycol used as a vehicle for sulphanilamide which led to the requirement that all formulations must be licensed by the FDA before marketing. 3 Up to 1960 the rate of production of new drugs outstripped the ability to introduce them safely. In Germany, thalidomide, an effective sedative, had been introduced in 1956 but it was not until 1961, when an estimated 10 000 babies worldwide had been born with birth deformities, that the teratogenicity of this compound was recognized. 4 Further legislation soon followed, both reducing the number and lengthening the time required to introduce a new drug onto the market. However, problems were encountered with practolol in the 1970s and with benoxaprofen in the 1980s, the latter highlighting the need to make special provision for drug use in the elderly. 5 As to the future, more attention will be paid to the special needs of children and to the possible effects of genetic differences in metabolism.

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