scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism and the effect of wild introgressions on recombination in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) breeding germplasm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Jannink ◽  
Ariel W. Chan ◽  
Seren St. Clair Villwock ◽  
Amy L Williams
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Tropical Agriculture ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Suppressed Recombination ◽  
Manihot Glaziovii ◽  
Breeding Germplasm

Recombination has essential functions in meiosis, evolution, and breeding. The frequency and distribution of crossovers dictate the generation of new allele combinations and can vary across species and between sexes. Here, we examine recombination landscapes across the 18 chromosomes of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with respect to male and female meioses and known introgressions from the wild relative Manihot glaziovii. We used SHAPEIT2 and duoHMM to infer crossovers from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data and a validated multi-generational pedigree from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) cassava breeding germplasm consisting of 7,020 informative meioses. We then constructed new genetic maps and compared them to an existing map previously constructed by the International Cassava Genetic Map Consortium (ICGMC). We observed higher recombination rates in females compared to males, and lower recombination rates in M. glaziovii introgression segments on chromosomes 1 and 4, with suppressed recombination along the entire length of the chromosome in the case of the chromosome 4 introgression. Finally, we discuss hypothesized mechanisms underlying our observations of heterochiasmy and crossover suppression and discuss the broader implications for plant breeding.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism and the effect of wild introgressions on recombination in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) breeding germplasm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel W Chan ◽  
Seren S Villwock ◽  
Amy L Williams ◽  
Jean-Luc Jannink
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Genetic Maps ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Tropical Agriculture ◽  
Recombination Rates ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Suppressed Recombination ◽  
Manihot Glaziovii ◽  
Breeding Germplasm

Abstract Recombination has essential functions in meiosis, evolution, and breeding. The frequency and distribution of crossovers dictate the generation of new allele combinations and can vary across species and between sexes. Here, we examine recombination landscapes across the 18 chromosomes of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with respect to male and female meioses and known introgressions from the wild relative Manihot glaziovii. We used SHAPEIT2 and duoHMM to infer crossovers from genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data and a validated multi-generational pedigree from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) cassava breeding germplasm consisting of 7,020 informative meioses. We then constructed new genetic maps and compared them to an existing map previously constructed by the International Cassava Genetic Map Consortium (ICGMC). We observed higher recombination rates in females compared to males, and lower recombination rates in M. glaziovii introgression segments on chromosomes 1 and 4, with suppressed recombination along the entire length of the chromosome in the case of the chromosome 4 introgression. Finally, we discuss hypothesized mechanisms underlying our observations of heterochiasmy and crossover suppression and discuss the broader implications for plant breeding.

scholarly journals Sexual dimorphism and the effect of wild introgressions on recombination in Manihot esculenta

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel W. Chan ◽  
Amy L. Williams ◽  
Jean-Luc Jannink
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Genetic Map ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Chromosome 1 ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Tropical Agriculture ◽  
Chromosome 4 ◽  
Manihot Glaziovii ◽  
Introgressed Region

ABSTRACTRecombination has essential functions in evolution, meiosis, and breeding. Here, we use the multi-generational pedigree, consisting of 7,165 informative meioses (3,679 female; 3,486 male), and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) to study recombination in cassava (Manihot esculenta). We detected recombination events using SHAPEIT2 and duoHMM, examined the recombination landscape across the 18 chromosomes of cassava and in regions with known introgressed segments from cassava’s wild relative Manihot glaziovii, constructed a genetic map and compared it to an existing map constructed by the International Cassava Genetic Map Consortium (ICGMC), and inspected patterns of recombination placement in male and female meioses to see if there is evidence of sexual dimorphism in crossover distribution and frequency. We found that the placement of crossovers along chromosomes did not vary between the two sexes but that females undergo more meiotic recombination than males. We also observed that introgressions from M. glaziovii decreased recombination in the introgressed region and, in the case of chromosome 4, along the entire length of the chromosome that the introgression is on. We observed a dosage effect on chromosome 1, possibly suggesting the presence of a variant on the M. glaziovii haplotype that leads to lower overall recombination in the introgressed region.

scholarly journals DESKRIPSI KLON TANAMAN UBI KAYU (Manihot esculenta Crantz) YANG DITANAM PETANI DI ENAM KABUPATEN DI PROVINSI LAMPUNG

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (03) ◽  
pp. 271
Author(s):  
Dany Pranowo
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Tropical Agriculture ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melakukan pengumpulan data klon ubi kayu dengan melakukan survei di Way Kanan, Lampung Tengah, Lampung Utara, Pringsewu, Tanggamus, dan Metro).  Penentuan kabupaten sampel dilakukan dengan metode acak terarah berdasarkan luasan budidaya.  Pengambilan sampel desa dilakukan melalui rancangan sampling non-probablitas, yaitu sampling kebetulan (accidental sampling). Data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara kepada petani yang dijumpai di lokasi penelitian meliputi nama lokal, umur tanaman, dan penggunaan klon yang dibudidayaka.  Data deskripsi karakteristik morfologis karakteristik vegetatif didapatkan melalui pengamatan langsung di lapangan dengan standarisasi yang ditetapkan oleh International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) yaitu “Selected Morphological and Agronomic Descriptors for the Characterization of Cassava” oleh Fukuda, dkk. (2010). Ditemukan 15 klon dari 6 kabupaten/kota, di Kabupaten Lampung Tengah ditemui 3 klon ubi kayu (Barokah, Thailand, dan Kasesat), Tanggamus 2 klon (Martapuro dan Baturaja), Pringsewu 2 klon ( Melati dan Pringsewu-1), Way Kanan 3 Klon (S.R. Lowo, Way Kanan -1 dan Way Kanan-2), Kota Metro 2 klon (Manalagi dan Klenteng) dan di Lampung Utara ditemui 3 klon (Roti, Udang, dan Ketan).  Analisis klaster dilakukan untuk mengetahui struktur populasi suatu kelompok individu termasuk kemiripan (similarity) atau jarak genetik (distance) dan penyebaran kelompok tertentu dalam populasi dengan menggunakan software SPSS Statistics 23.  Terdapat 8 level, klon yang memiliki tingkat kesamaan karakter terbesar adalah klon Martapuro dan S.R Lowo.  

Establishment of a cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) core collection based on agro-morphological descriptors

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranjana Bhattacharjee ◽  
Dominique Dumet ◽  
Paul Ilona ◽  
Soyode Folarin ◽  
Jorge Franco
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Core Collection ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
International Institute ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
The Core ◽  
Entire Collection

International Institute of Tropical Agriculture maintains 2544 cassava accessions (Manihot esculenta Crantz) from 28 countries in its field bank. Being vegetatively propagated, this poses challenges in maintenance in terms of cost as well as in labour requirements. A core collection representing the range of phenotypic diversity present in the entire collection would enhance the conservation aspects and increase the potential for its exploitation in crop improvement programmes. The present study aimed to establish a core collection using 40 agro-morphological traits evaluated at two locations using a different number of accessions in each location. To meet the challenges generated by the types of variables and include maximum diversity in the core collection, a sequential strategy based on five major concepts was used: hierarchical multiple factor analysis allowing the mixture of variables of different kinds; three-way analysis that included the effect of genotype × environment interaction in the clustering process; linear discriminant function to assign all those individuals who were included in one location but not in the other to the groups that were generated from the common number of accessions evaluated in both locations; and D-allocation method to select samples from each cluster. The representativeness of the core subset to the entire collection was further estimated by comparing means and variances, range, and distances between accessions. The established cassava core collection consisted of 428 accessions that conserved 15% higher phenotypic diversity with no redundancies. The phenotypic diversity represented in this core collection will be a guide to users of cassava germplasm in their crop improvement programmes.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF HEATING TIME TO THE CONTENT OF PIGMENTS AND VITAMIN A IN CASSAVA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) AND CEARA-RUBBER (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg) LEAVES

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Madalena Madalena ◽  
Heriyanto Heriyanto ◽  
Susanti Pudji Hastuti ◽  
Leenawaty Limantara
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Main Product ◽  
Heating Time ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
Manihot Glaziovii ◽  
Product Degradation

Cassava and ceara-rubber leaves are leavy vegetables that can not be consumed in raw form because they contained cyanide, therefore cooking process is needed to remove the cyanide.  However cooking process cause the changes of  the content of pigments and vitamin A. The aims of the research are to know and to compare the effect of heating time to the content of pigments and vitamin A in cassava and ceara-rubber leaves. Content of chlorophyll and carotenoid was analized base of Porra and Lichtenthaler equations, respectively, while pheophytin content was analyzed base on HPLC. The result shown that the content of chlorophylls, carotenoids and vitamin A of cassava and ceara-rubber leaves were reduced, while the content of pheophytin was increased during heating. Pheophytin was the main product degradation of chlorophyll during heating of cassava and ceara-rubber leaves.   Keywords: heating process, cassava, pigment, vitamin A.

scholarly journals Genetic architecture and gene mapping of cyanide in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex C Ogbonna ◽  
Luciano Rogerio Braatz de Andrade ◽  
Ismail Y. Rabbi ◽  
Lukas A. Mueller ◽  
Eder Jorge de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Mapping ◽  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Tuber Quality ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Bitter Cassava

AbstractCassava is a root crop originating from South America and a major staple crop in the Tropics, including marginal environments. In this study, we focused on South American and African cassava germplasm and investigated the genetic architecture of Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN), a major component of tuber quality. HCN is a plant defense component against herbivory but also toxic for human consumption. We genotyped 3,354 landraces and modern breeding lines originating from 26 Brazilian states and 1,389 individuals were phenotypically characterized across multi-year trials for HCN. All plant material was subjected to high density genotyping using Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). We performed genome wide association mapping (GWAS) to characterize the genetic architecture and gene mapping of HCN. Field experiment revealed strong broad and narrow-sense trait heritability (0.82 and 0.41 respectively). Two major loci were identified, encoding for an ATPase and a MATE protein and contributing up to 7% and 30% of the cyanide concentration in roots, respectively. We developed diagnostic markers for breeding applications, validated trait architecture consistency in African germplasm and investigated further evidence for domestication of sweet and bitter cassava. Fine genomic loci characterization indicate; (i) a major role played by vacuolar transporter in regulating HCN content, (ii) co-domestication of sweet and bitter cassava major alleles to be geographical zone dependant, and (ii) major loci allele for high cyanide cassava in Manihot esculenta Crantz seems to originate from its ancestor, M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia. Taken together these findings expand insights on cyanide in cassava and its glycosylated derivatives in plants.One-sentence summaryIdentification of an intracellular transporter gene and its allelic variation allow to point out cultivars with up to 30 percent decrease in cassava root cyanide content, toxic for human consumption.

scholarly journals Tracking crop varieties using genotyping-by-sequencing markers: a case study using cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

BMC Genetics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Y. Rabbi ◽  
Peter A. Kulakow ◽  
Joseph A. Manu-Aduening ◽  
Ansong A. Dankyi ◽  
James Y. Asibuo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Genotyping By Sequencing ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
Crop Varieties

CONCENTRADO PROTEICO OBTIDO DAS FOLHAS DE MANDIOCA (Manihot esculenta Crantz) DE TRÊS VARIEDADES COMERCIAIS.

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabel Aparecida Soares ◽  
Mauro Sérgio Téo ◽  
Carlise DEBASTIANI ◽  
Suzymeire BARONI ◽  
Vanessa Silva RETUCI
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Hydrocyanic Acid ◽  
Protein Concentrate ◽  
Manihot Esculenta Crantz ◽  
White Variety ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean

O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar diferenças entre rendimento do concentrado proteico e proteína bruta da folha da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtidos a partir de três variedades comerciais: branca, cascuda e vermelha. As manivas foram plantadas seguindo o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com três repetições. Nas comparações entre as variedades, considerou coletas escalonadas pós-plantio, realizadas aos 12, 14 e 16 meses. O concentrado proteico foi obtido a partir da farinha das folhas inteiras e submetido ao método de termo - coagulação ácido e a proteína bruta pelo método padrão AOAC. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Tukey - 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados não indicaram diferença significativa entre as médias obtidas para rendimento de concentrado proteico. Para a variável porcentagem de proteína bruta a variedade Branca foi a que apresentou maior valor, com média de 46,25%, seguida pela Cascuda e Vermelha, 44,52% e 37,30%, sucessivamente. Conclui-se que outros estudos devem avaliar condições que possam influenciar no teor de proteína foliar, como clima e solo, e, avaliar os níveis de ácido cianídrico de cada variedade, indicando qual das três é a melhor para a extração do concentrado proteico das folhas. Palavras chaves: Manihot esculenta Crantz, variedades comerciais, concentrado proteico, proteína bruta. ABSTRACT: The study aimed to assess the differences between income protein concentrate, crude protein of cassava leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz), obtained from three commercial varieties: white, red and cascuda. The cuttings were planted following the completely randomized design with three replications. Comparisons between the varieties considered after planting staggered collections, held on 12, 14 and 16 months. The protein concentrate was obtained from flour of whole sheets and subjected to the term method - acid coagulation and crude protein by AOAC standard method. The data were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test - 5% probability. The results indicated no significant difference between the mean values obtained for protein concentrate income. For the variable percentage of crude protein White variety showed the highest, with an average of 46.25%, followed by cascuda and Red, 44.52% and 37.30%, successively. We conclude that further studies should evaluate conditions that may affect the leaf protein content, such as climate and soil, and evaluate the hydrocyanic acid levels of each variety, indicating which of the three is the best for the extraction of protein concentrate from leaves Key words: Manihot esculenta Crantz, commercial varieties, protein concentrate, crude protein.

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