scholarly journals Metacognition and the effect of incentive motivation in two compulsive disorders: gambling disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monja Hoven ◽  
Nina Sofie de Boer ◽  
Anna E. Goudriaan ◽  
Damiaan Denys ◽  
Mael Lebreton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Gambling Disorder ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Incentive Motivation ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Confidence Judgments ◽  
Motivational States

Compulsivity is a common phenotype amongst various psychiatric disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and gambling disorder (GD). Deficiencies in metacognition, such as the inability to properly estimates ones' own performance via well-calibrated confidence judgments could contribute to pathological decision-making in these psychiatric disorders. Earlier research has indeed suggested that OCD and GD patients reside at opposite ends of the confidence spectrum, with OCD patients exhibiting underconfidence, and GD patients exhibiting overconfidence. Recently, several studies established that motivational states (e.g. monetary incentives) influence metacognition, with gain (respectively loss) prospects increasing (respectively decreasing) confidence judgments. Here, we reasoned that the OCD and GD symptomatology might correspond to an exacerbation of this interaction between metacognition and motivational states. We hypothesized GD's overconfidence to be exaggerated during gain prospects, while OCD's underconfidence to be worsened in loss context, which we expected to see represented in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity. We tested those hypotheses in a task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) design. Our initial analyses showed increased confidence levels for GD versus OCD patients, that could partly be explained by sex and IQ. Although our primary analyses did not support the hypothesized interaction between incentive motivation and groups, exploratory analyses did show increased confidence in GD patients specifically in gain context. fMRI analyses confirmed a central role for VMPFC in the processing of confidence and incentive motivation, but with no differences between the clinical samples.

scholarly journals Cigarette smoking in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: a report from the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS)

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 469-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo Dell’Osso ◽  
Humberto Nicolini ◽  
Nuria Lanzagorta ◽  
Beatrice Benatti ◽  
Gregorio Spagnolin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Tourette’S Syndrome ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Tic Disorder ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
International College ◽  
Spectrum Disorders

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) showed a lower prevalence of cigarette smoking compared to other psychiatric disorders in previous and recent reports. We assessed the prevalence and clinical correlates of the phenomenon in an international sample of 504 OCD patients recruited through the International College of Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorders (ICOCS) network.Cigarette smoking showed a cross-sectional prevalence of 24.4% in the sample, with significant differences across countries. Females were more represented among smoking patients (16% vs 7%; p<.001). Patients with comorbid Tourette’s syndrome (p<.05) and tic disorder (p<.05) were also more represented among smoking subjects. Former smokers reported a higher number of suicide attempts (p<.05).We found a lower cross-sectional prevalence of smoking among OCD patients compared to findings from previous studies in patients with other psychiatric disorders but higher compared to previous and more recent OCD studies. Geographic differences were found and smoking was more common in females and comorbid Tourette’s syndrome/tic disorder.

scholarly journals Social affordances in context: What is it that we are bodily responsive to?

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Rietveld ◽  
Sanneke de Haan ◽  
Damiaan Denys
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Skilled Intentionality ◽  
Social Affordances ◽  
Deep Brain

AbstractWe propose to understand social affordances in the broader context of responsiveness to a field of relevant affordances in general. This perspective clarifies our everyday ability to unreflectively switch between social and other affordances. Moreover, based on our experience with Deep Brain Stimulation for treating obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients, we suggest that psychiatric disorders may affect skilled intentionality, including responsiveness to social affordances.

scholarly journals Long-term outcomes of obsessive–compulsive disorder: follow-up of 142 children and adolescents

2010 ◽  
Vol 197 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Micali ◽  
I. Heyman ◽  
M. Perez ◽  
K. Hilton ◽  
E. Nakatani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Treatment Needs ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Persistence Rates

BackgroundObsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) often starts in childhood and adolescence and can be a chronic disorder with high persistence rates. There are few prospective long-term follow-up studies.AimsTo follow up young people with OCD to clarify persistence rates and relevant predictors, presence of other psychiatric disorders, functional impairment, service utilisation and perceived treatment needs.MethodAll young people with OCD assessed over 9 years at the National and Specialist Paediatric OCD clinic, Maudsley Hospital, London, were included. Sixty-one per cent (142 of 222) of all contactable young people and parents completed computerised diagnostic interviews and questionnaires.ResultsWe found a persistence rate of OCD of 41%; 40% of participants had a psychiatric diagnosis other than OCD at follow-up. The main predictor for persistent OCD was duration of illness at assessment. High levels of baseline psychopathology predicted other psychiatric disorders at follow-up. Functional impairment and quality of life were mildly to moderately affected. Approximately 50% of participants were still receiving treatment and about 50% felt a need for further treatment.ConclusionsThis study confirms that paediatric OCD can be a chronic condition that persists into adulthood. Early recognition and treatment might prevent chronicity. Important challenges for services are ensuring adequate treatment and a smooth transition from child to adult services.

Understanding the Genetic Basis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 32-34,47-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humberto Nicolini ◽  
Carlos Cruz ◽  
Beatriz Camarena ◽  
Francisco Páez ◽  
Juan Ramón De La Fuente
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Genetic Study ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Genetic Component ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Different Types

AbstractGenetic study holds potential for understanding the etiology of a number of serious psychiatric disorders. In the case of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), many investigators agree that there is a strong genetic component to its development. In this article, we review the scientific evidence gleaned from different types of studies that has led to a better understanding of the nature of the inherited factors in OCD.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic analysis of dystonia-associated genes reveals functional convergence within specific cell types and shared neurobiology with psychiatric disorders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niccolò E. Mencacci ◽  
Regina Reynolds ◽  
Sonia Garcia Ruiz ◽  
Jana Vandrovcova ◽  
Paola Forabosco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Medium Spiny Neurons ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Functional Relationships ◽  
Spiny Neurons ◽  
Cellular Specificity

AbstractDystonia is a neurological disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal movements and postures, often occurring in absence of any structural brain abnormality. Psychiatric comorbidities, including anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia, are frequent in dystonia patients. While mutations in a fast-growing number of genes have been linked to Mendelian forms of dystonia, the cellular, anatomical, and molecular basis remains unknown for most genetic forms of dystonia, as does its genetic and biological relationship to neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we applied an unbiased systems-biology approach to explore the cellular specificity of all currently known dystonia-associated genes, predict their functional relationships, and test whether dystonia and neuropsychiatric disorders share a genetic relationship. To determine the cellular specificity of dystonia-associated genes in the brain, single-nuclear transcriptomic data derived from mouse brain was used together with expression-weighted cell-type enrichment. To identify functional relationships amongst dystonia-associated genes, we determined the enrichment of these genes in co-expression networks constructed from ten human brain regions. Stratified linkage-disequilibrium score regression was used to test whether co-expression modules enriched for dystonia-associated genes significantly contribute to the heritability of anxiety, major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Parkinson’s disease. Dystonia-associated genes were significantly enriched in adult nigral dopaminergic neurons and striatal medium spiny neurons. Furthermore, four of the 220 gene co-expression modules tested were significantly enriched for the dystonia-associated genes. The identified modules were derived from the substantia nigra, putamen, frontal cortex, and white matter, and were all significantly enriched for genes associated with synaptic function. Finally, we demonstrated significant enrichments of the heritability of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia, but not anxiety and Parkinson’s disease, within the putamen and white matter modules. In conclusion, multiple dystonia-associated genes interact and contribute to pathogenesis likely through dysregulation of synaptic signalling in striatal medium spiny neurons, adult nigral dopaminergic neurons and frontal cortical neurons. Furthermore, the enrichment of the heritability of psychiatric disorders in the co-expression modules enriched for dystonia-associated genes indicates that psychiatric symptoms associated with dystonia are likely to be intrinsic to its pathophysiology.

scholarly journals Methylphenidate-induced Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-22
Author(s):  
Sharath Vishwaraj
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Complete Remission ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Childhood Psychiatric Disorders

ABSTRACT Introduction Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders. It is most often treated with methylphenidate (MPH). A 6-year-old male with ADHD was started on MPH. He developed severe obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), which lasted for 1 day and was self-limiting. There was complete remission on stopping MPH, without any specific treatment for OCD. How to cite this article Bavle A, Vishwaraj S. Methylphenidate- induced Obsessive Compulsive Disorder in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. J Med Sci 2016;2(1):21-22.

scholarly journals The Immediate Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Adolescents with Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Becker Nissen ◽  
David Højgaard ◽  
Per Hove Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Family History ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Clinical Group ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a distressing psychiatric disorder. Traumas may trigger or aggravate OCD symptoms. COVID-19 pandemic has coursed a global crisis and has been associated with onset of psychiatric disorders in adults. Little is known about children/adolescents with OCD. The present study aimed to examine how children/adolescents with OCD react towards COVID-19 crisis. Methods A questionnaire was distributed to two separate groups of children/adolescents. One group was a clinical group newly diagnosed at a specialized OCD clinic. All the children/adolescents had a current close contact to a therapist or doctor. The other group was a survey group identified through the Danish OCD Association. Most of these children/adolescents were diagnosed years ago, and their primary treatment was completed. For the clinical group, data from patient files was available. Results In both groups, but most pronounced in the survey group, participants experienced a worsening of their OCD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. The aggravation of OCD correlated with the worsening of anxiety, depressive symptoms, and the extent of avoidance behavior. For both groups, OCD aggressive symptoms predicted a significant worsening. Poor baseline insight showed a trend to predict a symptom worsening. The worsening was most pronounced in children with early age of onset and a family history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies examining the effect of COVID-19 in children/adolescents with OCD. The effect was examined in two separate populations strengthening the findings. The study points towards an influence of the OCD phenotype, baseline insight suggesting a continued vulnerability, and a family history of psychiatric disorders. Trial registration The study is approved by the Danish Data Protection Agency (1-16-02-147-20) registered 1 st of April 2020. Oral and written information was given to parents and patients and written consent from patients over 15 years and parents were received.

Habits and Goals in OCD

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M. Gillan
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Ritualistic Behaviors ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
External Cues ◽  
Broad Overview ◽  
Empirical Investigations

This chapter gives a broad overview of the “habit hypothesis” of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Most patients with OCD recognize that becoming trapped in seemingly never-ending streams of repetitive ritualistic behaviors defies reason. Importantly, this recognition is not enough to put a halt to these behaviors. It has been proposed that these compulsions are “bad habits”: that external cues trigger an urge to perform a familiar response, which the patient cannot resist. The chapter presents the basics of what habits are, and how they relate to what we call “goal-directed control” over action. Next, an in-depth analysis of a series of empirical investigations that tested this hypothesis will be presented. In the final section, the habit hypothesis of OCD will be put into the broader context of “compulsivity” as a putative trans-diagnostic trait that is relevant for many psychiatric disorders.

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