scholarly journals Fungal biodiversity in Arctic paleoecosystems assessed by metabarcoding of lake sedimentary ancient DNA

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Seeber ◽  
Barbara von Hippel ◽  
Havard Kauserud ◽  
Ulrike Loeber ◽  
Kathleen Stoof-Leichsenring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Amplicon Length ◽  
Amplicon Size ◽  
Biodiversity Changes ◽  
Sample Age

Fungi are crucial organisms in most ecosystems as they exert ecological key functions and are closely associated with land plants. Fungal community changes may therefore help reveal biodiversity changes in past ecosystems. Lake sediments contain DNA of organisms in the catchment area, which allows reconstructing past biodiversity by using metabarcoding of ancient sedimentary DNA. We developed a novel PCR primer combination for fungal metabarcoding targeting a short amplicon to account for length bias of amplification due to ancient DNA degradation. In-silico PCRs showed higher diversity using this primer combination than using previously established fungal metabarcoding primers. We analyzed existing data from sediment cores from four artic and one boreal lake in Siberia. These cores had been stored for 2-22 years and examined degradation effects of ancient DNA and storage time-related bias in fungal communities. Amplicon size differed between fungal divisions, however, we observed no significant effect of sample age on amplicon length and GC content, suggesting robust results. We also found no indication of post-coring fungal growth during storage distorting ancient fungal communities. Terrestrial soil fungi, including mycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophs, were predominant in all lakes, which supports the use of lake sedimentary ancient DNA for reconstructing terrestrial communities.

Fungi and plant co-variation in Arctic Siberia inferred from sedimentary ancient DNA metabarcoding during the last 45.000 years

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara von Hippel ◽  
Kathleen R. Stoof-Leichsenring ◽  
Luise Schulte ◽  
Peter Seeber ◽  
Laura S. Epp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Vegetation Change ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Siberian Larch ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Arctic Ecosystems ◽  
Arctic Regions ◽  
Arctic Siberia

<p>Climate change has a great impact on boreal ecosystems including Siberian larch forests. As a consequence of warming, larch grow is possible in areas where climate used to be too cold, leading to a shift of the tree line into more arctic regions. Most plants co-exist in symbiosis with heterotrophic organisms surrounding their root system. In arctic ecosystems, mycorrhizal fungi are a prerequisite for plant establishment and survival because they support nutrient uptake from nutrient-poor soils and maintain the water supply. Until now, however, knowledge about the co-variation of vegetation and fungi is poor. Certainly, the understanding of dynamic changes in biotic interactions is important to understand adaptation mechanisms of ecosystems to climate change.</p><p>We investigated sedimentary ancient DNA from Lake Levinson Lessing, Taymyr Peninsula (Arctic Siberia, tundra), Lake Lama, Lake Kyutyunda (both northern Siberia, tundra-taiga transition zone) and Lake Bolshoe Toko (southern Siberia, forest area) covering the last about 45.000 years using ITS primers for fungi along with the chloroplast P6 loop marker for vegetation metabarcoding. We found changes in the fungal communities that are in broad agreement with vegetation turnover. To our knowledge, this is the first broad ecological study on lake sediment cores to analyze fungal biodiversity in relation to vegetation change on millennial time scales.</p>

Temporal dynamics of mycorrhizal fungal communities and co-associations with grassland plant communities following experimental manipulation of rainfall

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Coline Deveautour ◽  
Sally Power ◽  
Kirk Barnett ◽  
Raul Ochoa-Hueso ◽  
Suzanne Donn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Plant Communities ◽  
Fungal Community ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
Rainfall Regimes

Climate models project overall a reduction in rainfall amounts and shifts in the timing of rainfall events in mid-latitudes and sub-tropical dry regions, which threatens the productivity and diversity of grasslands. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi may help plants to cope with expected changes but may also be impacted by changing rainfall, either via the direct effects of low soil moisture on survival and function or indirectly via changes in the plant community. In an Australian mesic grassland (former pasture) system, we characterised plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities every six months for nearly four years to two altered rainfall regimes: i) ambient, ii) rainfall reduced by 50% relative to ambient over the entire year and iii) total summer rainfall exclusion. Using Illumina sequencing, we assessed the response of AM fungal communities sampled from contrasting rainfall treatments and evaluated whether variation in AM fungal communities was associated with variation in plant community richness and composition. We found that rainfall reduction influenced the fungal communities, with the nature of the response depending on the type of manipulation, but that consistent results were only observed after more than two years of rainfall manipulation. We observed significant co-associations between plant and AM fungal communities on multiple dates. Predictive co-correspondence analyses indicated more support for the hypothesis that fungal community composition influenced plant community composition than vice versa. However, we found no evidence that altered rainfall regimes were leading to distinct co-associations between plants and AM fungi. Overall, our results provide evidence that grassland plant communities are intricately tied to variation in AM fungal communities. However, in this system, plant responses to climate change may not be directly related to impacts of altered rainfall regimes on AM fungal communities. Our study shows that AM fungal communities respond to changes in rainfall but that this effect was not immediate. The AM fungal community may influence the composition of the plant community. However, our results suggest that plant responses to altered rainfall regimes at our site may not be resulting via changes in the AM fungal communities.

scholarly journals Inoculation with Mycorrhizal Fungi and Irrigation Management Shape the Bacterial and Fungal Communities and Networks in Vineyard Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1273
Author(s):  
Nazareth Torres ◽  
Runze Yu ◽  
S. Kaan Kurtural
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Vineyard Soil ◽  
Vineyard Soils

Vineyard-living microbiota affect grapevine health and adaptation to changing environments and determine the biological quality of soils that strongly influence wine quality. However, their abundance and interactions may be affected by vineyard management. The present study was conducted to assess whether the vineyard soil microbiome was altered by the use of biostimulants (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation vs. non-inoculated) and/or irrigation management (fully irrigated vs. half irrigated). Bacterial and fungal communities in vineyard soils were shaped by both time course and soil management (i.e., the use of biostimulants and irrigation). Regarding alpha diversity, fungal communities were more responsive to treatments, whereas changes in beta diversity were mainly recorded in the bacterial communities. Edaphic factors rarely influence bacterial and fungal communities. Microbial network analyses suggested that the bacterial associations were weaker than the fungal ones under half irrigation and that the inoculation with AMF led to the increase in positive associations between vineyard-soil-living microbes. Altogether, the results highlight the need for more studies on the effect of management practices, especially the addition of AMF on cropping systems, to fully understand the factors that drive their variability, strengthen beneficial microbial networks, and achieve better soil quality, which will improve crop performance.

Deciphering the Chitin Code in Plant Symbiosis, Defense, and Microbial Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-607
Author(s):  
Devanshi Khokhani ◽  
Cristobal Carrera Carriel ◽  
Shivangi Vayla ◽  
Thomas B. Irving ◽  
Christina Stonoha-Arther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Beneficial Microbes ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Structural Polymer

Chitin is a structural polymer in many eukaryotes. Many organisms can degrade chitin to defend against chitinous pathogens or use chitin oligomers as food. Beneficial microorganisms like nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi produce chitin-based signal molecules called lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short chitin oligomers to initiate a symbiotic relationship with their compatible hosts and exchange nutrients. A recent study revealed that a broad range of fungi produce LCOs and chitooligosaccharides (COs), suggesting that these signaling molecules are not limited to beneficial microbes. The fungal LCOs also affect fungal growth and development, indicating that the roles of LCOs beyond symbiosis and LCO production may predate mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review describes the diverse structures of chitin; their perception by eukaryotes and prokaryotes; and their roles in symbiotic interactions, defense, and microbe-microbe interactions. We also discuss potential strategies of fungi to synthesize LCOs and their roles in fungi with different lifestyles.

scholarly journals Divergence in bidirectional plant-soil feedbacks between montane annual and coastal perennial ecotypes of yellow monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariah M. McIntosh ◽  
Lorinda Bullington ◽  
Ylva Lekberg ◽  
Lila Fishman
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Mechanistic Study ◽  
List Type ◽  
Mimulus Guttatus ◽  
Plant Variation ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Soil Origin

SUMMARYUnderstanding the physiological and genetic mechanisms underlying plant variation in interactions with root-associated biota (RAB) requires a micro-evolutionary approach. We use locally adapted montane annual and coastal perennial ecotypes of Mimulus guttatus (yellow monkeyflower) to examine population-scale differences in plant-RAB-soil feedbacks.We characterized fungal communities for the two ecotypes in-situ and used a full-factorial greenhouse experiment to investigate the effects of plant ecotype, RAB source, and soil origin on plant performance and endophytic root fungal communities.The two ecotypes harbored different fungal communities and responsiveness to soil biota was highly context-dependent. Soil origin, RAB source, and plant ecotype all affected the intensity of biotic feedbacks on plant performance. Feedbacks were primarily negative, and we saw little evidence of local adaptation to either soils or RAB. Both RAB source and soil origin significantly shaped fungal communities in roots of experimental plants. Further, the perennial ecotype was more colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) than the montane ecotype, and preferentially recruited home AMF taxa.Our results suggest life history divergence and distinct edaphic habitats shape plant responsiveness to RAB and influence specific associations with potentially mutualistic root endophytic fungi. Our results advance the mechanistic study of intraspecific variation in plant–soil–RAB interactions.

scholarly journals Towards Growth of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Independent of a Plant Host

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 1919-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Hildebrandt ◽  
Katharina Janetta ◽  
Hermann Bothe
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Hyphal Coils ◽  
K 12 ◽  
Root Tissues

ABSTRACT When surface-sterilized spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus intraradices Sy167 were germinated on agar plates in the slightly modified minimum mineral medium described by G. Bécard and J. A. Fortin (New Phytol. 108:211-218, 1988), slime-forming bacteria, identified as Paenibacillus validus, frequently grew up. These bacteria were able to support growth of the fungus on the agar plates. In the presence of P. validus, hyphae branched profusely and formed coiled structures. These were much more densely packed than the so-called arbuscule-like structures which are formed by AMF grown in coculture with carrot roots transformed with T-DNA from Agrobacterium rhizogenes. The presence of P. validus alone also enabled G. intraradices to form new spores, mainly at the densely packed hyphal coils. The new spores were not as abundant as and were smaller than those formed by AMF in the monoxenic culture with carrot root tissues, but they also contained lipid droplets and a large number of nuclei. In these experiments P. validus could not be replaced by bacteria such as Escherichia coli K-12 or Azospirillum brasilense Sp7. Although no conditions under which the daughter spores regerminate and colonize plants have been found yet, and no factor(s) from P. validus which stimulates fungal growth has been identified, the present findings might be a significant step forward toward growth of AMF independent of any plant host.

Quantifying the growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: usefulness of the fractal dimension

Botany ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 387-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Juge ◽  
Annie Champagne ◽  
Andrew P. Coughlan ◽  
Nicolas Juge ◽  
Lael Parrott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Growth Cycle

The present study is, to the best of our knowledge, the first to investigate the use of the fractal dimension (FD) to quantify the growth and development of undisturbed, fully functional arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) hyphae developing in vitro. The majority of the work focused on the model AM fungus Glomus intraradices DAOM 181602. The time course study and final measurements of an intact mature extraradical mycelium allowed us to compare the development of the mycelium and the FD value. The final FD value of 1.62 for the mature mycelium is similar to that obtained for highly branched root systems and tree crowns. The FD method was used to characterize the morphology of germinative and presymbiotic hyphae in the presence of stimulatory (strigolactone GR-24, 0.1 µmol·L–1 and bisphenol A, 10 µmol·L–1) and inhibitory (NaCl, 80 mmol·L–1) molecules, and the extraradical phase in the presence of an inhibitory molecule (NaCl, 80 mmol·L–1). Where possible, results were compared with those obtained using the traditional grid-line (GL) technique. The FD approach allowed treatment effects to be accurately quantified, both in germinative and extraradical phases. In the second case, this technique provided a single quantitative value of extraradical hyphal growth that included runner hyphae (RH) networks, and fine-branching (FB) ramifications. This is in contrast to the GL technique, which provides a value for the estimation of RH, but which is not suitable for accurately measuring FB hyphae. Given the ease with which the FD values can be calculated, and the fact that this method can provide a single value for the quantification of extraradical hyphal growth and development, we suggest that this method is useful for in vitro studies. Furthermore under certain situations of germinative or presymbiotic growth, it may be used in concert with the GL method to provide a greater degree of information about hyphal morphology. The usefulness and limits of the FD method at different stages of the AM fungal growth cycle are discussed.

Biology and ecology of mycoparasitism

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1284-1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Jeffries
Keyword(s):  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Fungal Ecology ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Nutrient Source ◽  
Fungicolous Fungi ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Relationship

The term mycoparasitism applies strictly to those relationships in which one living fungus acts as a nutrient source for another, but fungicolous relationships may also be included in which nutrient exchange has not been shown. Fungicolous fungi have a constant but indeterminate association with another fungus, and it can be difficult to demonstrate a true parasitic relationship. Mycoparasitic relationships can be necrotrophic or biotrophic, and can be classified on the basis of the host–parasite interface as contact necrotrophs, invasive necrotrophs, haustorial biotrophs, intracellular biotrophs, or fusion biotrophs depending on the intimacy of the relationship. In natural ecosystems, it is proposed that mycoparasitic relationships play an important role in the development of fungal communities. Two specific examples have been chosen to illustrate the general principles of mycoparasitism: the necrotrophic invasion of spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the biotrophic invasion of mucoralean hosts by haustorial mycoparasites. Key words: mycoparasitism, fungicolous fungi, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, fungal ecology.

scholarly journals Soil quality and C-S-R fungal communities in monoculture plantations after conversion from subtropical forest

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting Liu ◽  
Xiao Wu ◽  
Huangwei Li ◽  
Chen Ning ◽  
Yong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Fungal Communities ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Α Diversity

Intensive clear cutting of natural forests and conversion to monoculture plantations are ongoing worldwide, leading to degradation of soil quality and microbial functions. Here, we compared soil quality index (SQI) and fungal community in a natural forest (Forest) and four 5-year-old monoculture plantations, including Camellia oleifera (Oil), Amygdalus persica (Peach), Myrica rubra (Berry) and Cunninghamia lanceolata (Fir), in a subtropical region of China. After conversion, soil pH rose up to 0.31, but organic carbon, total nitrogen, sucrase, acid protease, glutaminase and phosphatase activities decreased by 83%, 59%, 43%, 31%, 64%, 66% and 77%, respectively, in the plantations. Correspondingly, the SQI dropped by 65%. High-throughput sequencing of the ITS1 region demonstrated an increase in α-diversity and a striking difference in β-diversity following conversion. Changes in the dominant fungal taxa following forest conversion to plantations was interpreted by Grime’s C-S-R life history framework. Conversion increased the fungal groups with stress-tolerant (S) and ruderal (R) strategies - mainly copiotrophic saprophytes, such as Ascomycota and Zygomycota, but decreased the fungal groups with competitor (C) strategies - mainly oligotrophic saprophytes and mycorrhizal fungi, such as Basidiomycota. Genera affiliated to those phyla including Pseudophialophora, Rhytisma increased, but Russula decreased. Redundancy analysis and structural equation modeling indicated that the diversity and composition of fungal communities changed with soil quality degradation, which were mainly driven by increased soil pH, decreased available carbon and nutrients (N, P), and related enzymes activities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document