scholarly journals Reconstruction of sound driven, actively amplified and spontaneous motions within the tree cricket auditory organ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Mhatre ◽  
James B. Dewey ◽  
Patricia M. Quiñones ◽  
Andrew Mason ◽  
Brian E. Applegate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sensory Cells ◽  
Mechanical Function ◽  
Tree Cricket ◽  
History Of ◽  
Auditory Organ ◽  
Auditory Amplification

Hearing consists of a delicate chain of events. Sound is first captured by an eardrum or similar organ which is set into vibrations, these vibrations must then be transmitted to sensory cells in a manner that opens mechanosensory channels generating an electrical signal. Studying this process is challenging. Auditory vibrations are in the nano- to picometer-scale and occur at fast temporal scales of milli to microseconds. Finally, most of this process occurs within the body of the animal where it is inaccessible to conventional measurement techniques. For instance, even in crickets, a century-old auditory model system, it is unclear how sound evoked vibrations are transmitted to sensory neurons. Here, we use optical coherence tomography (OCT) to measure how vibrations travel within the auditory organ of the western tree cricket (Oecanthus californicus). We also measure the reversal of this process as mechanosensory cells generate spontaneous oscillations and amplify sound-evoked vibrations. Most importantly, we found that while the mechanosensory neurons were not attached to the peripheral sound collecting structures, they were mechanically well-coupled through acoustic trachea. Thus, the acoustic trachea are not merely conduits for sound but also perform a mechanical function. Our results generate several insights into the similarities between insect and vertebrate hearing, and into the evolutionary history of auditory amplification.

scholarly journals Waptia fieldensis Walcott, a mandibulate arthropod from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 172206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Vannier ◽  
Cédric Aria ◽  
Rod S. Taylor ◽  
Jean-Bernard Caron
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Formal Description ◽  
Front Part ◽  
Burgess Shale ◽  
Middle Cambrian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ellipsoid Bodies ◽  
Active Swimming ◽  
Prey Items

Waptia fieldensis Walcott, 1912 is one of the iconic animals from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale biota that had lacked a formal description since its discovery at the beginning of the twentieth century. This study, based on over 1800 specimens, finds that W. fieldensis shares general characteristics with pancrustaceans, as previous authors had suggested based mostly on its overall aspect. The cephalothorax is covered by a flexible, bivalved carapace and houses a pair of long multisegmented antennules, palp-bearing mandibles, maxillules, and four pairs of appendages with five-segmented endopods—the anterior three pairs with long and robust enditic basipods, the fourth pair with proximal annulations and lamellae. The post-cephalothorax has six pairs of lamellate and fully annulated appendages which appear to be extensively modified basipods rather than exopods. The front part of the body bears a pair of stalked eyes with the first ommatidia preserved in a Burgess Shale arthropod, and a median ‘labral’ complex flanked by lobate projections with possible affinities to hemi-ellipsoid bodies. Waptia confirms the mandibulate affinity of hymenocarines, retrieved here as part of an expanded Pancrustacea, thereby providing a novel perspective on the evolutionary history of this hyperdiverse group. We construe that Waptia was an active swimming predator of soft prey items, using its anterior appendages for food capture and manipulation, and also potentially for clinging to epibenthic substrates.

scholarly journals Interspecies variation of larval locomotion kinematics in the genus Drosophila and its relation to habitat temperature

BMC Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Matsuo ◽  
Akinao Nose ◽  
Hiroshi Kohsaka
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Evolutionary Rate ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Quantitative Relation ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Habitat Temperature ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Speed and trajectory of locomotion are the characteristic traits of individual species. Locomotion kinematics may have been shaped during evolution towards increased survival in the habitats of each species. Although kinematics of locomotion is thought to be influenced by habitats, the quantitative relation between the kinematics and environmental factors has not been fully revealed. Here, we performed comparative analyses of larval locomotion in 11 Drosophila species. Results We found that larval locomotion kinematics are divergent among the species. The diversity is not correlated to the body length but is correlated instead to the habitat temperature of the species. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference suggest that the evolutionary rate of the kinematics is diverse among phylogenetic tree branches. Conclusions The results of this study imply that the kinematics of larval locomotion has diverged in the evolutionary history of the genus Drosophila and evolved under the effects of the ambient temperature of habitats.

scholarly journals Interspecies variation of larval locomotion kinematics in the genus Drosophila and its relation to habitat temperature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Matsuo ◽  
Akinao Nose ◽  
Hiroshi Kohsaka
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Inference ◽  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Evolutionary Rate ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
The Body ◽  
Quantitative Relation ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Habitat Temperature ◽  
History Of

AbstractSpeed and trajectory of locomotion are characteristic traits of individual species. During evolution, locomotion kinematics is likely to have been tuned for survival in the habitats of each species. Although kinematics of locomotion is thought to be influenced by habitats, the quantitative relation between the kinematics and environmental factors has not been fully revealed. Here, we performed comparative analyses of larval locomotion in 11 Drosophila species. We found that larval locomotion kinematics are divergent among the species. The diversity is not correlated to the body length but is correlated instead to the minimum habitat temperature of the species. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian inference suggest that the evolutionary rate of the kinematics is diverse among phylogenetic trees. The results of this study imply that the kinematics of larval locomotion has diverged in the evolutionary history of the genus Drosophila and evolved under the effects of the minimum ambient temperature of habitats.

Fleas on the Back of a Wild Dog

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74
Author(s):  
John Conger
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
The Body ◽  
History Of The Body ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wild Dog ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Present Life ◽  
Complete History

«Fleas on the Back of a Wild Dog” describes the evolutionary history of the body we address as somatic therapists. Competent therapists take a complete history, and this paper addresses an ignored history, disregarded, concerning the body itself. As body-oriented therapists, the historical body in front of us, like the psychological history, has often unexpected relevance. The body we walk around in is no invention of the moment. Our instinctual attitudes carry a history that deepens our sense of the body’s purposeful movements and it’s frustrations. Otherwise uninformed, we suffer a loss of background. This paper provides something of the innate skills still underlying our present life experience.

scholarly journals Distribution and functional potential of photoautotrophic bacteria in alkaline hot springs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annastacia C. Bennett ◽  
Senthil K. Murugapiran ◽  
Eric D. Kees ◽  
Trinity L. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Yellowstone National Park ◽  
National Park ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Photosynthetic Bacteria ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Anoxygenic Phototrophs ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTAlkaline hot springs in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) provide a framework to study the relationship between photoautotrophs and temperature. Previous work has focused on cyanobacteria (oxygenic phototrophs), but anoxygenic phototrophs are critical parts of the evolutionary history of life on Earth and and are abundant across temperature gradients in alkaline hot springs. However, many questions remain regarding the ecophysiology of anoxygenic photosynthesis due to the taxonomic and metabolic diversity of these taxa. Here, we examined the distribution of genes involved in phototrophy and carbon and nitrogen fixation in eight alkaline (pH 7.3-9.4) hot spring sites approaching the upper temperature limit of photosynthesis (~72°C) in YNP using metagenome sequencing. Genes associated with cyanobacteria are abundant throughout our data and more diverse at temperatures > 63°C, genes for autotrophic Chloroflexi are more abundant in sites > 63°C and genes associated with phototrophic Chloroflexi are abundant throughout. Additionally, we recovered deep branching nitrogen fixation genes from our metagenomes, which could inform the evolutionary history of nitrogen fixation. Lastly, we recovered 25 metagenome assembled genomes of Chloroflexi. We found distinct differences in carbon fixation genes in Roseiflexus and Chloroflexus bins, in addition to several novel Chloroflexi bins. Our results highlight the physiological diversity and evolutionary history of the understudied, anoxygenic autotrophic Chloroflex. Furthermore, we provide evidence that genes involved in nitrogen fixation in Chloroflexi is more widespread than previously assumed.IMPORTANCEPhotosynthetic bacteria in hot springs are of great importance to both microbial evolution and ecology because they are responsible for the rise of oxygen and are critical to nutrient cycling. While a large body of work has focused on the oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, many questions remain regarding the metabolic potential of anoxygenic phototrophs but are further compounded by their metabolic and taxonomic diversity. Here, we have recovered several novel metagenome bins and quantified the distribution of key genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism in both oxygenic and anoxygenic phototrophs. Together, our results add to the body of work focusing on photosynthetic bacteria in hot springs in Yellowstone National Park.

What Does Fat Do?

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-90
Author(s):  
Nathan Denton
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
White Adipose Tissue ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Major Type ◽  
History Of

Despite how much we may think and talk about fat in our lives and in society, we rarely take a moment to consider what it actually does. Contemplating the evolutionary history of fat is probably the last thing on someone’s mind when their trousers feel a bit tight. We love to hate fat, especially on our own bodies, but fat is not inherently bad. On the contrary, our hatred and fear is being directed at an ancient organ that is essential for life. Perpetually misunderstood, fat’s bad reputation derives from our preoccupation with the negative health effects associated with having too much of it. In order to succeed in the monolithic battle against obesity threatening the planet’s health and wealth, we must first understand fat itself, more specifically white adipose tissue, the major type of fat in the body. In order to understand the nature of fat, however, we must first consider energy metabolism more generally. The next section considers how the body handles fat, carbohydrate, and protein under various conditions to illustrate the central role that adipose tissue plays in our bodies each and every day.

scholarly journals A revision of <i>Ophidiaster davidsoni</i> de Loriol and Pellat 1874 from the Tithonian of Boulogne (France) and its transfer from the Valvatacea to the new forcipulatacean genus <i>Psammaster</i> gen. nov.

Fossil Record ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Marine Fau ◽  
Loïc Villier ◽  
Timothy A. M. Ewin ◽  
Andrew S. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Upper Cretaceous ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Sister Clade ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Abstract. Forcipulatacea is one of the three major groups of extant sea stars (Asteroidea: Echinodermata), composed of 400 extant species, but only known from fewer than 25 fossil species. Despite unequivocal members being recognized in the early Jurassic, the evolutionary history of this group is still the subject of debate. Thus, the identification of any new fossil representatives is significant. We here reappraise Ophidiaster davidsoni de Loriol and Pellat 1874 from the Tithonian of Boulogne, France, which was assigned to another major extant group, the Valvatacea, and reassign it within a new forcipulatacean genus, Psammaster gen. nov. Psammaster davidsoni gen. nov. possess key Forcipulatacea synapomorphies including compressed ambulacrals and adambulacrals and typical organization of the body wall and arm ossicles. A phylogenetic analysis including Psammaster davidsoni gen. nov. does not place it within any existing forcipulatacean family. Instead, Psammaster davidsoni gen. nov. exhibits a mix of plesiomorphic and derived characters and is resolved as a sister clade to a large group including the Asteriidae, Stichasteridae, and Heliasteridae. Removal of this species from the Ophidiasteridae means their oldest fossil representative now dates from the Santonian, Upper Cretaceous.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Aspergillus Spondylodiscitis After Spinal Stenosis Surgery: A Case Report

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3 And 4) ◽  
pp. 155-160
Author(s):  
Mohsen Aghapoor ◽  
◽  
Babak Alijani Alijani ◽  
Mahsa Pakseresht-Mogharab ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Drugs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Lumbar Pain ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Delay In Diagnosis ◽  
Death Case ◽  
Therapeutic Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
Probable Diagnosis

Background and Importance: Spondylodiscitis is an inflammatory disease of the body of one or more vertebrae and intervertebral disc. The fungal etiology of this disease is rare, particularly in patients without immunodeficiency. Delay in diagnosis and treatment of this disease can lead to complications and even death. Case Presentation: A 63-year-old diabetic female patient, who had a history of spinal surgery and complaining radicular lumbar pain in both lower limbs with a probable diagnosis of spondylodiscitis, underwent partial L2 and complete L3 and L4 corpectomy and fusion. As a result of pathology from tissue biopsy specimen, Aspergillus fungi were observed. There was no evidence of immunodeficiency in the patient. The patient was treated with Itraconazole 100 mg twice a day for two months. Pain, neurological symptom, and laboratory tests improved. Conclusion: The debridement surgery coupled with antifungal drugs can lead to the best therapeutic results.

Re-imagining Reproduction: Unsettling Metaphors in the History of Imperial Science and Commercial Surrogacy in India

Somatechnics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalindi Vora
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Commercial Surrogacy ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Travel Industry

This paper provides an analysis of how cultural notions of the body and kinship conveyed through Western medical technologies and practices in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) bring together India's colonial history and its economic development through outsourcing, globalisation and instrumentalised notions of the reproductive body in transnational commercial surrogacy. Essential to this industry is the concept of the disembodied uterus that has arisen in scientific and medical practice, which allows for the logic of the ‘gestational carrier’ as a functional role in ART practices, and therefore in transnational medical fertility travel to India. Highlighting the instrumentalisation of the uterus as an alienable component of a body and subject – and therefore of women's bodies in surrogacy – helps elucidate some of the material and political stakes that accompany the growth of the fertility travel industry in India, where histories of privilege and difference converge. I conclude that the metaphors we use to structure our understanding of bodies and body parts impact how we imagine appropriate roles for people and their bodies in ways that are still deeply entangled with imperial histories of science, and these histories shape the contemporary disparities found in access to medical and legal protections among participants in transnational surrogacy arrangements.

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