scholarly journals Persistent Autoimmune Activation and Proinflammatory State in Post-COVID Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeny Acosta-Ampudia ◽  
Diana M Monsalve ◽  
Manuel Rojas ◽  
Yhojan Rodríguez ◽  
Elizabeth Zapata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Immunological Status ◽  
Effector Memory T Cells ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Over Time

Background The immunopathological pathways enabling post-COVID syndrome (PCS) development are not entirely known. We underwent a longitudinal analysis of patients with COVID-19 who developed PCS aiming to evaluate the autoimmune and immunological status associated with this condition. Methods Thirty-three patients were included for longitudinal clinical and autoantibody analyses of whom 12 patients were assessed for cytokines and lymphocyte populations. Patients were followed during 7-11 months after acute COVID-19. Autoimmune profile and immunological status were evaluated mainly by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assays and flow cytometry. Results Latent autoimmunity and overt autoimmunity persisted over time. A proinflammatory state was observed in patients with PCS characterized by upregulated IFN-α, TNF-α, G-CSF, IL-17A, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-13, whereas IP-10 was decreased. In addition, PCS was characterized by increased levels of Th9, CD8+ effector T cells, naive B cells, and CD4+ effector memory T cells. Total levels of IgG S1-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies remained elevated over time. Discussion The clinical manifestations of PCS are associated with the persistence of a proinflammatory, and effector phenotype induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This long-term persistent immune activation may contribute to the development of latent and overt autoimmunity. Results suggest the need to evaluate the role of immunomodulation in the treatment of PCS.

scholarly journals Antigen-Specific Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in the Respiratory System Were Generated following Intranasal Vaccination of Mice with BCG

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Qiongli Wu ◽  
Shuangpeng Kang ◽  
Jun Huang ◽  
Shunqiao Wan ◽  
Binyan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Effector Memory T Cells ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Specific Tissue ◽  
Resident Memory T Cells

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are different from effector memory T cells (TEM) and central memory T cells (TCM) and contribute to the protective immunity against local challenges. Currently, we found that CD4+ and CD8+ TRM cells in the nasal mucosa, trachea, lungs, and lavage fluids were heterogeneous on the expression of CD69 and CD103 as well as the production of cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-2, and TNF-α. After intranasal vaccination of mice with BCG, respiratory tissues expressed higher levels of the chemokine CXCL16 and TRM cells expressed CXCR6 to CXCL16. In addition, antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ TRM cells expressed cytokines following the stimulation with BCG and persisted in the nasal mucosa, trachea, and lungs for more than a hundred days. At the same time, mice were infected intranasally with live BCG and the results showed that vaccinated mice cleared up live BCG faster than nonvaccinated mice in the respiratory system. Taken together, our data demonstrated that intranasal vaccination of mice with BCG could induce antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ TRM cells in the respiratory system and have the ability to provide protection against pulmonary reinfection.

Potential role of effector memory T cells in chronic T cell-mediated kidney graft rejection

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 2131-2142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Curci ◽  
Fabio Sallustio ◽  
Grazia Serino ◽  
Giuseppe De Palma ◽  
Mirko Trpevski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Graft Rejection ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Kidney Graft ◽  
Effector Memory T Cells

scholarly journals The impact of oxidative stress, inflammation, and senescence on the maintenance of immunological memory in the bone marrow in old age

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Naismith ◽  
Luca Pangrazzi
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
T Cells ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Effector Memory T Cells ◽  
Adaptive Immune Cells ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Term Maintenance

AbstractThe bone marrow (BM) provides a preferential survival environment for the long-term maintenance of antigen-experienced adaptive immune cells. After the contact with antigens, effector/memory T cells and plasma cell precursors migrate to the BM, in which they can survive within survival niches in an antigen-independent manner. Despite this, the phenotype of adaptive immune cells changes with aging, and BM niches themselves are affected, leading to impaired long-term maintenance of immunological memory in the elderly as a result. Oxidative stress, age-related inflammation (inflammaging), and cellular senescence appear to play a major role in this process. This review will summarize the age-related changes in T and B cell phenotype, and in the BM niches, discussing the possibility that the accumulation of highly differentiated, senescent-like T cells in the BM during aging may cause inflammation in the BM and promote oxidative stress and senescence. In addition, senescent-like T cells may compete for space with other immune cells within the marrow, partially excluding effector/memory T cells and long-lived plasma cells from the niches.

scholarly journals Human Fetal TNF-α-Cytokine-Producing CD4+ Effector Memory T Cells Promote Intestinal Development and Mediate Inflammation Early in Life

Immunity ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 462-476.e8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renée R.C.E. Schreurs ◽  
Martin E. Baumdick ◽  
Adrian F. Sagebiel ◽  
Max Kaufmann ◽  
Michal Mokry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Intestinal Development ◽  
Effector Memory T Cells ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Mediate Inflammation

scholarly journals Ipilimumab treatment decreases monocytic MDSCs and increases CD8 effector memory T cells in long-term survivors with advanced melanoma

Oncotarget ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (13) ◽  
pp. 21539-21553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yago Pico de Coaña ◽  
Maria Wolodarski ◽  
Isabel Poschke ◽  
Yuya Yoshimoto ◽  
Yuan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Memory T Cells ◽  
Advanced Melanoma ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Effector Memory T Cells ◽  
Long Term Survivors

scholarly journals Ex Vivo Kinetics of Early and Long-Term Multifunctional Human Leukocyte Antigen E-Specific CD8+ Cells in Volunteers Immunized with the Ty21a Typhoid Vaccine

2010 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 1305-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosângela Salerno-Goncalves ◽  
Rezwanul Wahid ◽  
Marcelo B. Sztein
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Typhoid Vaccine ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Ifn Γ ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACT T cells are likely to play an important role in the host defense against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, the causative agent of typhoid fever. We have shown that HLA-E can function as a restriction element for S. Typhi-specific CD8+ T cells. Because of the potential importance of HLA-E-restricted CD8+ responses in resistance to Salmonella infection, we characterized these responses and investigated their kinetics of appearance and persistence in volunteers immunized orally with the licensed attenuated Ty21a strain typhoid vaccine. Cells were obtained from volunteers before and at days 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 28, 42, 56, 120, 180, 360, and 720 after immunization. An ex vivo multicolor staining panel including antibodies to CD107a and -b, interleukin-2, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was used to functionally assess memory T-cell subsets by flow cytometry. Increases in cytokine-secreting CD8+ cells were observed in the T effector/memory (TEM) and CD45RA+ TEM (TEMRA) subsets as early as 4 days after immunization and persisted, particularly in the TEMRA subset, up to 2 years after immunization. The majority of HLA-E-restricted CD8+ cells 28 to 56 days after immunization coexpressed CD107, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, showing characteristic features of multifunctional T cells. In summary, the multifunctionality and longevity of the HLA-E-restricted CD8 responses observed in this study highlight their significance in adaptive immunity to S. Typhi. Finally, this is the first demonstration, in either animals or humans, of the presence of long-term multifunctional HLA-E-restricted CD8+ cells after immunization.

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