scholarly journals Host-Adapted Strains of Spodoptera frugiperda Hold and Share a Core Microbial Community Across the Western Hemisphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalia C. Oliveira ◽  
Pedro A.P. Rodrigues ◽  
Fernando L. Cônsoli
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Additional Support ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Host Strains

AbstractThe fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is an important polyphagous agricultural pest in the Western Hemisphere and currently invasive to countries of the Eastern Hemisphere. This species has two host-adapted strains named “rice” and “corn” strains. Our goal was to identify the occurrence of core members in the gut bacterial community of Fall armyworm larvae from distinct geographical distribution and/or host strain. We used next-generation sequencing to identify the microbial communities of S. frugiperda from corn fields in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay, and Peru, and rice fields from Panama. The larval gut microbiota of S. frugiperda larvae did not differ between the host strains neither was it affected by the geographical distribution of the populations investigated. Our findings provide additional support for Enterococcus and Pseudomonas as core members of the bacterial community associated with the larval gut of S. frugiperda, regardless of the site of collection or strain, suggesting that these bacteria may maintain true symbiotic relationships with the fall armyworm. Further investigations are required for a deeper understanding of the nature of this relationship.

scholarly journals Evidence that a major subpopulation of fall armyworm found in the Western Hemisphere is rare or absent in Africa, which may limit the range of crops at risk of infestation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodney N. Nagoshi
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Genetic Markers ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Mitochondrial Markers ◽  
Major Threat ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Plant Hosts ◽  
Risk Of Fall

AbstractThe introduction and establishment of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Africa presents a major threat to agriculture in that continent and potentially to the entire Eastern Hemisphere. The species is subdivided into two subpopulations called the R-strain and C-strain that differ in their distribution on different plant hosts. This means that the scope of the economic risk posed by invasive fall armyworm is influenced by whether one or both strains are present. Multiple studies have found mitochondrial markers diagnostic of the two strains throughout Africa but there is substantial disagreement with a nuclear strain marker that makes conclusions about strain composition uncertain. In this study the issue of whether both strains are present in Africa was tested by an assay that can detect strain-biased mating behaviors. Western Hemisphere fall armyworm consistently showed evidence of strain-specific assortative mating in the field that was not found in surveys from multiple locations in Africa. The absence of strain mating biases and the disagreements between the strain diagnostic genetic markers indicates that the R-strain is rare (<1% of the population) or absent in Africa. Instead, it appears that the African fall armyworm populations are dominated by two groups, the C-strain and the descendants of interstrain hybrids. These results suggest that plant hosts associated with the R-strain may not be at high risk of fall armyworm infestation in Africa.

Aschersonia aleyrodis. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].

1984 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Brady
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Solomon Islands ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Infected Host ◽  
Santo Domingo ◽  
Eastern Hemisphere ◽  
Aschersonia Aleyrodis ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract A description is provided for Aschersonia aleyrodis. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Scale insects (Coccidae) and whitefly (Aleyrodidae). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica, Cuba, India, Jamaica, Santo Domingo, Solomon Islands, USA. According to Mains (1959) A. aleyrodis is very common in the Western hemisphere whereas A. placenta is common in the Eastern hemisphere. DISEASE: When the genus Aschersonia Montagne was described in 1848 the species were regarded as parasites of the leaves of the plants on which the insect hosts were located and it was only in 1894 that Webber recognized A. aleyrodis as entomogenous. Early work and the relationship with the ascomycete genus Hypocrella is extensively treated and illustrated in colour by Petch (1921). Sutton (1980) states that approximately 50 taxa have been described in the genus which is wholly entomogenous. Infection is mainly of young larvae, but mature larvae and pupae are also attacked. Larvae in the early stages of infection become swollen and by the time that hyphae emerge around the edge of the infected host the latter is already dead.

scholarly journals Assessing the Use of Wing Morphometrics to Identify Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Host Strains in Field Collections

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 (2) ◽  
pp. 800-807
Author(s):  
Kira L Nagoshi ◽  
Sandra A Allan ◽  
Robert L Meagher
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Wing Morphology ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Host Strains

Abstract The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major agricultural pest in the Western Hemisphere, has recently become established in Africa and Asia. This highly polyphagous species has potential to economically harm multiple crops. Contributing to this host range are two fall armyworm populations historically called ‘host strains’ that differ in host specificity. Understanding behaviors of the two strains is crucial to effective management of this pest. A major difficulty in such studies is that strains have long been considered morphologically indistinguishable, with molecular markers the only reliable means of identification. However, studies of fall armyworm in Colombia reported strain differences in wing morphology sufficiently large to potentially provide a more economical alternative method to determine strain. This study tested whether a similar phenotypic difference was present in Florida populations using geometric morphometric analysis of 15 anatomical landmarks on forewings of 182 specimens from three habitats associated with different host plants. Principle component and linear discriminant analyses identified significant differences in wing size and shape in comparison of strains from different habitats, but not between strains within the same habitat. Data indicate that apparent strain distinctions in wing phenotype are most likely a secondary consequence of differences in developmental growth patterns on different host plants combined with strain-biased host choice. Furthermore, Florida specimens showed much larger phenotypic overlap than observed for strains from Colombia. Together these findings suggest that wing morphology is probably not a reliable indicator of strain identity in field populations where different host plants are available.

Effect of Noctuidonema guyanense (Nematoda: Acugutturidae) on the Longevity of Feral Male Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Moths2

2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. G. Marti ◽  
C. E. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Deleterious Effect ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
New Host ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Apparent Age

Noctuidonema guyanense Remillet and Silvain is an ectoparasitic nematode of certain species of adult Lepidoptera, particularly Noctuidae, in the Western Hemisphere. It is transferred to a new host when the insects mate. Survival of infested and uninfested feral adult males of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), the fall armyworm, was compared at three different temperature regimens (20°C, 30°C, and 30/20°C) at 14:10 L/D at 80% RH. Apparent age differences were controlled by pairing moths having the same amount of scale loss. Overall mean nematode infestations of 239.3 and 0 in infested and uninfested groups produced significantly different mean longevity of 3.7 and 6.2 days, respectively. At 20°C, survival of both groups increased to 6.2 and 13.3 days, but remained significantly different. The results demonstrate a deleterious effect of Noctuidonema infestation on longevity of feral adult male S. frugiperda.

scholarly journals Whole genome comparisons reveal panmixia among fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) from diverse locations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A. Schlum ◽  
Kurt Lamour ◽  
Caroline Placidi de Bortoli ◽  
Rahul Banerjee ◽  
Scott J. Emrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Genomic Diversity ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Host Strains

AbstractThe fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)) is a highly polyphagous agricultural pest with long-distance migratory behavior threatening food security worldwide. This pest has a host range of >80 plant species, but two host strains are recognized based on their association with corn (C-strain) or rice and smaller grasses (R-strain). In this study, the population structure and genetic diversity in 55 S. frugiperda samples from Argentina, Brazil, Kenya, Puerto Rico and the United States (USA) were surveyed to further our understanding of whole genome nuclear diversity. Comparisons at the genomic level suggest panmixia in this population, other than a minor reduction in gene flow between the two overwintering populations in the continental USA that also corresponded to genetically distinct host strains. Two maternal lines were detected from analysis of mitochondrial genomes. We found members from the Eastern Hemisphere interspersed within both continental USA overwintering subpopulations, suggesting multiple individuals were likely introduced to Africa. Comparisons between laboratory-reared and field collected S. frugiperda support similar genomic diversity, validating the experimental use of laboratory strains. Our research is the largest diverse collection of United States S. frugiperda whole genome sequences characterized to date, covering eight continental states and a USA territory (Puerto Rico). The genomic resources presented provide foundational information to understand gene flow at the whole genome level among S. frugiperda populations.

scholarly journals Whole genome comparisons reveal panmixia among fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) from diverse locations

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina A. Schlum ◽  
Kurt Lamour ◽  
Caroline Placidi de Bortoli ◽  
Rahul Banerjee ◽  
Robert Meagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Gene Flow ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
The United States ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Host Strains

Abstract Background The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)) is a highly polyphagous agricultural pest with long-distance migratory behavior threatening food security worldwide. This pest has a host range of > 80 plant species, but two host strains are recognized based on their association with corn (C-strain) or rice and smaller grasses (R-strain). The population genomics of the United States (USA) fall armyworm remains poorly characterized to date despite its agricultural threat. Results In this study, the population structure and genetic diversity in 55 S. frugiperda samples from Argentina, Brazil, Kenya, Puerto Rico and USA were surveyed to further our understanding of whole genome nuclear diversity. Comparisons at the genomic level suggest a panmictic S. frugiperda population, with only a minor reduction in gene flow between the two overwintering populations in the continental USA, also corresponding to distinct host strains at the mitochondrial level. Two maternal lines were detected from analysis of mitochondrial genomes. We found members from the Eastern Hemisphere interspersed within both continental USA overwintering subpopulations, suggesting multiple individuals were likely introduced to Africa. Conclusions Our research is the largest diverse collection of United States S. frugiperda whole genome sequences characterized to date, covering eight continental states and a USA territory (Puerto Rico). The genomic resources presented provide foundational information to understand gene flow at the whole genome level among S. frugiperda populations. Based on the genomic similarities found between host strains and laboratory vs. field samples, our findings validate the experimental use of laboratory strains and the host strain differentiation based on mitochondria and sex-linked genetic markers extends to minor genome wide differences with some exceptions showing mixture between host strains is likely occurring in field populations.

scholarly journals Viruses of the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda: A Review with Prospects for Biological Control

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2220
Author(s):  
Ahmed G. Hussain ◽  
Jörg T. Wennmann ◽  
Georg Goergen ◽  
Astrid Bryon ◽  
Vera I.D. Ros
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Geographic Origin ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Management Options

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a native pest species in the Western hemisphere. Since it was first reported in Africa in 2016, FAW has spread throughout the African continent and is now also present in several countries in Asia as well as Australia. The invasion of FAW in these areas has led to a high yield reduction in crops, leading to huge economic losses. FAW management options in the newly invaded areas are limited and mainly rely on the use of synthetic pesticides. Since there is a risk of resistance development against pesticides in addition to the negative environmental and human health impacts, other effective, sustainable, and cost-efficient control alternatives are desired. Insect pathogenic viruses fulfil these criteria as they are usually effective and highly host-specific with no significant harmful effect on beneficial insects and non-target organisms. In this review, we discuss all viruses known from FAW and their potential to be used for biological control. We specifically focus on baculoviruses and describe the recent advancements in the use of baculoviruses for biological control in the native geographic origin of FAW, and their potential use in the newly invaded areas. Finally, we identify current knowledge gaps and suggest new avenues for productive research on the use of viruses as a biopesticide against FAW.

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