Water availability dynamics have long-term effects on mature stem structure in Vitis vinifera

AbstractVitis vinifera is a climbing vine with wide vessels and high hydraulic conductivity. There is a lack of data on the anatomical structure of the mature vine stem, and most current knowledge is based on first-year shoots. Moreover, the effect of drought stress on anatomical structure has been partly reported in shoots of Vitis vinifera but not in stems.In current study two irrigation approaches were applied on Vitis vinifera Merlot vines: constant (low, medium and high irrigation) and dynamic (early/late season water deficit). The following parameters were measured: trunk diameter, annual ring width and area, vessel diameter, specific hydraulic conductivity and stem water potential.High water availability early in the season (high irrigation and late deficit) resulted in vigorous vegetative growth (greater trunk diameter, ring width and area), wider vessels and increased specific hydraulic conductivity. The distribution of large xylem vessels was altered by drought stress, where high water availability early in the season caused a shift of the vessel population towards the wider frequency classes. Interestingly, the early deficit vines showed more negative water potential values late in the season compared to the low irrigation vines. This may imply an effect of anatomical structure on vine water status.HighlightsWater availability early in the season determines vegetative growth and stem anatomical structure in mature Vitis vinifera vines.

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Modeling Stem Water Potential by Separating the Effects of Soil Water Availability and Climatic Conditions on Water Status in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2019.01485 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Bruno Suter ◽

Roberta Triolo ◽

David Pernet ◽

Zhanwu Dai ◽

Cornelis Van Leeuwen

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Water Potential ◽

Soil Water ◽

Water Availability ◽

Water Status ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Soil Water Availability ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Stem Water Potential ◽

Stem Water

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Growth is required for perception of water availability to pattern root branches in plants

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ◽

10.1073/pnas.1710709115 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (4) ◽

pp. E822-E831 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Neil E. Robbins ◽

José R. Dinneny

Keyword(s):

Water Potential ◽

Water Availability ◽

Water Movement ◽

Lateral Roots ◽

Growth Zone ◽

High Water ◽

Developmental Competence ◽

Root Tip ◽

Root Branching ◽

Lateral Branches

Water availability is a potent regulator of plant development and induces root branching through a process termed hydropatterning. Hydropatterning enables roots to position lateral branches toward regions of high water availability, such as wet soil or agar media, while preventing their emergence where water is less available, such as in air. The mechanism by which roots perceive the spatial distribution of water during hydropatterning is unknown. Using primary roots of Zea mays (maize) we reveal that developmental competence for hydropatterning is limited to the growth zone of the root tip. Past work has shown that growth generates gradients in water potential across an organ when asymmetries exist in the distribution of available water. Using mathematical modeling, we predict that substantial growth-sustained water potential gradients are also generated in the hydropatterning competent zone and that such biophysical cues inform the patterning of lateral roots. Using diverse chemical and environmental treatments we experimentally demonstrate that growth is necessary for normal hydropatterning of lateral roots. Transcriptomic characterization of the local response of tissues to a moist surface or air revealed extensive regulation of signaling and physiological pathways, some of which we show are growth-dependent. Our work supports a “sense-by-growth” mechanism governing hydropatterning, by which water availability cues are rendered interpretable through growth-sustained water movement.

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Relationship of stem water potential and leaf conductance to vegetative growth of young olive trees in a hedgerow orchard

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar07200 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 270 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

María Gómez-del-Campo ◽

A. Leal ◽

C. Pezuela

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Water Potential ◽

Soil Water ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Shoot Growth ◽

Irrigation Treatment ◽

Leaf Conductance ◽

Stem Water Potential ◽

Trunk Diameter ◽

Stem Water

In 2005, four irrigation treatments were applied to a 3-year-old cv. Cornicabra orchard. In T1, wetted soil volume was maintained close to field capacity by irrigating when soil sensors indicated that soil water potential in the root zone had fallen to –0.03 MPa and 0.06 MPa from spring until 15 August and from 15 August until September, respectively. On those days, 8, 6, 4, and 2 h of irrigation was applied to T1, T2, T3, and T4, so that over the season they received 106, 81, 76 and 31 mm of irrigation, respectively. The high value for T3 was the result of a valve failure on 13 June. Measurements were maintained throughout the experimental period of relative extractable water (REW) to 1 m depth at the wetted volume (0.30 m from a drip emitter), shoot length, trunk diameter, stem water potential (Ψstem) and leaf conductance (gl). The irrigation treatment significantly affected REW (P < 0.10), Ψstem, gl and vegetative growth (P < 0.05). Ψstem, and trunk diameter were the least variable parameters and Ψstem and shoot growth were the most sensitive to water stress. Although T1 received 24% more water than T2, no significant differences were detected in vegetative growth. T2 should be considered the optimum irrigation value. The mean monthly Kc for T2 was 0.086. The failure of the valve in T3 simulated a wet spring followed by limited irrigation. Irrigation applied was similar to T2 but shoot growth stopped one month earlier and lower values of Ψstem and gl were observed after mid August. REW was highly related to vegetative growth, 66% of maximum being achieved at REW 0.53 and 50% at 0.45. gl was independant of plant or soil water status and did not determine vegetative growth. A strong relationship established Ψstem as a good indicator of vegetative growth and hence of water stress. Shoot growth was 66% of maximum at Ψstem –1.5 MPa and 50% at –1.8 MPa.

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Automated soil water content-based irrigation under high and low water availability scenarios for a nectarine orchard

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11033 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

María R. Conesa ◽

Wenceslao Conejero ◽

Juan Vera ◽

Mª Carmen Ruiz-Sánchez

Keyword(s):

Soil Water ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Water Availability ◽

Water Scarcity ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

High Water ◽

Quality Parameters ◽

Threshold Values ◽

Regulated Deficit Irrigation

<p>In a low water availability scenario, as is increasingly frequent in Mediterranean areas threatened by climate change and endemic water scarcity, to achieve the best irrigation water efficiency is of vital importance. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of an automated irrigation scheduling strategy based on real-time threshold volumetric soil water content values (VSWC), monitored with capacitance probes, in adult early-maturing nectarine orchard (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. `Flariba&#8217;, on GxN-15 rootstock). Two drip irrigation practices were tested: one control treatment (T-0) based on conventional crop evapotranspiration calculations (ETc, FAO-56), and one automated treatment (T-A) based on management allowed depletion (MAD) threshold values, derived from VSWC data, with a feed-back control system. Furthermore, for both treatments agro-physiological responses were evaluated under two different water availability scenarios (each one comprised of three consecutive growing seasons): no water restrictions (high water availability), and deficit irrigation (low water availability), in which reduced water to irrigate nectarine trees involved regulated deficit irrigation criteria.&#160; In the high water availability scenario, T-A (MAD = 10%) and T-0 (ETc = 100%) irrigation treatments showed no significant differences in the plant-soil water status, vegetative growth, yield, and nectarine fruit quality parameters. The VSWC was not a limiting factor and full irrigating to achieve a maximum yield was a pro&#64257;table option.&#160;In the low water availability scenario, the T-A treatment (subjected to MAD = 10% during pre-harvest and 30% during post-harvest) received 43% less water than the control, which promoted moderate plant and soil water deficits, leading to a decrease in vegetative growth (winter pruning weight and tree canopy cover), without compromising the total yield and nectarine fruit quality parameters (including an increase in the total soluble solid content). The crop water use efficiency increased by an average of 34%.&#160;The proposed automated irrigation strategy, based on MAD seasonal threshold values, combined with regulated deficit irrigation phenological criteria could be considered a promising tool that could be eventually extrapolated to other stone fruit orchards under water scarcity conditions.&#160;Acknowledgements: This work was funded by Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigaci&#243;n (PID2019-106226RB-C21/AEI/10.13039/501100011033) and Fundacion S&#233;neca, Regi&#243;n de Murcia (19903/GERM/15) projects.</p>

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