scholarly journals Modeling Stem Water Potential by Separating the Effects of Soil Water Availability and Climatic Conditions on Water Status in Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Suter ◽  
Roberta Triolo ◽  
David Pernet ◽  
Zhanwu Dai ◽  
Cornelis Van Leeuwen
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water

scholarly journals Unexpected relationships between δ13C and wine grape performance in organic farming

OENO One ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Antonio Costantino Costantini ◽  
Alessandro Agnelli ◽  
Pierluigi Bucelli ◽  
Aldo Ciambotti ◽  
Valentina Dell’Oro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aim</strong>: To evaluate the relationship between carbon isotope ratio (δ<sup>13</sup>C) and wine grape viticultural and oenological performance in organic farming.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: The study was carried out for four years in the Chianti Classico wine production district (Central Italy), on five non irrigated vineyards conducted in organic farming. The reference variety was Sangiovese. Eleven sites were chosen for vine monitoring and grape sampling. The performance parameters were alcohol and must sugar content, sugar accumulation rate, mean berry weight, and extractable polyphenols. δ<sup>13</sup>C, stem water potential, and soil water availability were also monitored. Finally, soil nitrogen as well as yeast available nitrogen in the must were measured. δ<sup>13</sup>C was directly related to stem water potential and soil water deficit, and indicated a range of water stress conditions from none and moderate to strong. However, its relationship with viticultural and oenological results was contrary to expectation, that is, performance linearly increased along with soil moisture. On the other hand, the worst performance was obtained where both water and nitrogen were more limiting.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The unexpected relationship between δ<sup>13</sup>C and Sangiovese performance was caused by low nitrogen availability. The studied sites all had low-fertility soils with poor or very poor nitrogen content. Therefore, in the plots where soil humidity was relatively higher, nitrogen plant uptake was favoured, and Sangiovese performance improved. Macronutrient being the main limiting factor, the performance was not lower in the plots where soil water availability was relatively larger. Therefore, the best viticultural result was obtained with no water stress conditions, at low rather than at intermediate δ<sup>13</sup>C values.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: Water nutrition is crucial for wine grape performance. δ<sup>13</sup>C is a method used to assess vine water status during the growing season and to estimate vine performance. A good performance is expected at moderate stress and intermediate δ<sup>13</sup>C values. A better knowledge of the interaction between water and nutrient scarcity is needed, as it can affect the use of δ<sup>13</sup>C to predict vine performance.</p>

scholarly journals Geospatial variation of grapevine water status, soil water availability, grape composition and sensory characteristics in a spatially heterogeneous premium wine grape vineyard

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1013-1072
Author(s):  
D. R. Smart ◽  
S. Cosby Hess ◽  
R. Plant ◽  
O. Feihn ◽  
H. Heymann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Soil Water Availability ◽  
Wine Grape ◽  
Available Water

Abstract. The geoscience component of terroir in wine grape production continues to be criticized for its quasi-mystical nature, and lack of testable hypotheses. Nonetheless, recent relational investigations are emerging and most involve water availability as captured by available water capacity (AWC, texture) or plant available water (PAW) in the root zone of soil as being a key factor. The second finding emerging may be that the degree of microscale variability in PAW and other soil factors at the vineyard scale renders larger regional characterizations questionable. Cimatic variables like temperature are well mixed, and its influence on wine characteristic is fairly well established. The influence of mesogeology on mesoclimate factors has also been characterized to some extent. To test the hypothesis that vine water status mirrors soil water availability, and controls fruit sensory and chemical properties at the vineyard scale we examined such variables in a iconic, selectively harvested premium winegrape vineyard in the Napa Valley of California during 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. Geo-referenced data vines remained as individual study units throughout data gathering and analysis. Cartographic exercises using geographic information systems (GIS) were used to vizualize geospatial variation in soil and vine properties. Highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) emerged for pre-dawn leaf water potential (ΨPD), mid-day leaf water potential (ΨL) and PAW, with berry size, berry weight, pruning weights (canopy size) and soluble solids content (°Brix). Areas yielding grapes with perceived higher quality had vines with (1) lower leaf water potential (LWP) both pre-dawn and mid-day, (2) smaller berry diameter and weight, (3) lower pruning weights, and (4) higher °Brix. A trained sensory panel found grapes from the more water-stressed vines had significantly sweeter and softer pulp, absence of vegetal character, and browner and crunchier seeds. Metabolomic analysis of the grape skins showed significant differences in accumulation of amino acids and organic acids. Data vines were categorized as non-stressed (ΨPD ≥ −7.9 bars and ΨL ≥ −14.9 bars) and stressed (ΨPD ≤ −8.0 bars and ΨL ≤ −15.0 bars) and subjected to analysis of variance. Significant separation emerged for vines categorized as non-stressed versus stressed at véraison, which correlated to the areas described as producing higher and lower quality fruit. This report does not advocate the use of stress levels herein reported. The vineyard was planted to a vigorous, deep rooted rootstock (V. rupestris cv. St. George), and from years of management is known to be able to withstand stress levels of the magnitude we observed. Nonetheless, the results may suggest there is not a linear relationship between physiological water stress and grape sensory characteristics, but rather the presence of an inflection point controlling grape composition as well as physiological development.

Does predawn water potential discern between irrigation treatments in Galician white grapevine cultivars?

OENO One ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 123 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Mirás-Avalos ◽  
Emiliano Trigo-Córdoba ◽  
Yolanda Bouzas-Cid
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water

<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Aims</strong>: To evaluate the usefulness of predawn water potential (<strong>Ψ</strong><sub>pd</sub>) to assess the water status of Galician grapevine cultivars for irrigation purposes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Methods and results</strong>: Three Galician white grapevine cultivars (Albariño, Godello and Treixadura) were subjected to rain-fed and irrigation conditions during the 2013 growing season. Diurnal changes in leaf water potential (<strong>Ψ</strong><sub>l</sub>) were measured using a pressure chamber on days with high evapotranspiration demand. Stem water potential (<strong>Ψ</strong><sub>s</sub>) was measured at midday. <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>pd</sub> was not able to discriminate between treatments, whereas <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>l</sub> and <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>s</sub> at midday were able to detect significant differences in water status among plants.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>pd</sub> was not useful to evaluate vine water status under the Galician climatic conditions. In contrast, both <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>l</sub> and <strong>Ψ</strong><sub>s</sub> were effective for detecting differences between treatments and can thus be used for irrigation management purposes.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Significance and impact of the study</strong>: This is the first study evaluating water status of Galician grapevine cultivars. It also provides useful information about the strategy for its control through measurements of midday <strong>Ψ</strong>l or <strong>Ψ</strong>s.</p>

scholarly journals Correlations among Predawn Leaf, Midday Leaf, and Midday Stem Water Potential and their Correlations with other Measures of Soil and Plant Water Status in Vitis vinifera

2002 ◽  
Vol 127 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.E. Williams ◽  
F.J. Araujo
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Stem Water ◽  
Water Potential Measurements

A study was conducted to compare three measurements of determining water status of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) in the field. Predawn leaf water potential (ΨPD), midday leaf water potential (Ψl), and midday stem water potential (Ψstem) were measured on `Chardonnay' and `Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevines grown in Napa Valley, California late in the 1999 growing season. Both cultivars had been irrigated weekly at various fractions (0, 0.5, and 1.0 for `Chardonnay' and 0, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.5 for `Cabernet') of estimated vineyard evapotranspiration (ETc) from approximately anthesis up to the dates of measurements. Predawn water potential measurements were taken beginning at 0330 hr and completed before sunrise. Midday Ψl and Ψstem measurements were taken only between 1230 and 1330 hr. In addition, net CO2 assimilation rates (A) and stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs) were also measured at midday. Soil water content (SWC) was measured in the `Chardonnay' vineyard using a neutron probe. Values obtained for ΨPD, Ψl, and Ψstem in this study ranged from about -0.05 to -0.8, -0.7 to -1.8, and -0.5 to -1.6 MPa, respectively. All three measurements of vine water status were highly correlated with one another. Linear regression analysis of Ψl and Ψstem versus ΨPD resulted in r2 values of 0.88 and 0.85, respectively. A similar analysis of Ψl as a function of Ψstem resulted in an r2 of 0.92. In the `Chardonnay' vineyard, all three methods of estimating vine water status were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with SWC and applied amounts of water. Lastly, ΨPD, Ψl, and Ψstem were all linearly correlated with measurements of A and gs at midday. Under the conditions of this study, ΨPD, Ψl, and Ψstem represent equally viable methods of assessing the water status of these grapevines. They were all correlated similarly with the amount of water in the soil profile and leaf gas exchange as well as with one another.

scholarly journals Mid-Term Effects of Conservative Soil Management and Fruit-Zone Early Leaf Removal Treatments on the Performance of Nerello Mascalese (Vitis vinifera L.) Grapes on Mount Etna (Southern Italy)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1070
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Nicolosi ◽  
Valeria Iovino ◽  
Gaetano Distefano ◽  
Mario Di Guardo ◽  
Stefano La Malfa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitis Vinifera ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Meteorological Condition ◽  
Mount Etna ◽  
Vitis Vinifera L ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Removal ◽  
Total Anthocyanins ◽  
Stem Water

The aim of this study was to analyze the mid-term influence of minimum tillage (MT) combined with early leaf removal (ELR) on the performance of the black grapevine variety Nerello Mascalese (Vitis vinifera L.). The research was carried out from 2015 to 2018 in a vineyard located in the Mount Etna area, East Sicily, Southern Italy. An average of about 8000 cm2 of leaves were removed from the ELR vines, corresponding to a canopy defoliation of 44% in 2017 and 30% in 2018. As for the stem water potential of both primary and lateral leaves, ELR-MT treatment showed the best performance (up to −0.4 MPa) among the four combinations. In 2017, no differences in yield/vine were found among treatments, whereas in 2018 the yield was significantly lower in ELR treatments. Among the different treatments performed, the ELR-MT showed the best results both in terms of physiological plant parameters (water status and photosynthetic activity) and fruit quality (higher concentration of sugars and total anthocyanins and polyphenols). ELR-MT treatment is also associated with a lower incidence of tillage operations from four to only one per year (−60–70 h/ha). In contrast to what was observed in the first 3 years of application (i.e., from 2015 to 2017), yield was heavily penalized during the fourth year of application (2018), probably due to the excessive depletion of nutritional reserves, the reduction of bud fertility and the unfavorable meteorological condition. For these reasons, the ELR-MT combination might require an interruption every 2–3 years of application.

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