scholarly journals Simultaneous detection of DNA and RNA virus species involved in bovine respiratory disease by PCR-free rapid tagmentation-based library preparation and MinION nanopore sequencing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. McCabe ◽  
Paul Cormican ◽  
Dayle Johnston ◽  
Bernadette Earley
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Virus Species ◽  
Library Preparation ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstactThe Oxford Nanopore MinION Mk1B is a portable 90 g device that sequences DNA directly at 450 bases/second generating sequence reads in excess of 400 kb. Recent improvements in error rate and speed of library preparation mean that this device has considerable potential for rapid molecular bovine pathogen diagnostics. We tested the MinION for rapid untargeted detection of viral pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD), an economically important disease often involving primary infection of the lung by one or more of a number of DNA and/or RNA viruses. We combined three foetal lung cell cultures which were infected with either Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV), Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BoHV1) or Bovine Parainfluenza Virus 3 (BPI-3). BoHV1 is a DNA virus and BPI-3 and BRSV are RNA viruses. The cell cultures were treated with DNase and RNase to deplete bovine nucleic acid prior to viral nucleic acid extraction and double-stranded cDNA synthesis. Sequencing libraries were generated by PCR-free tagmentation in under 10 minutes and loaded onto a MinION sequencer. Approximately 7,000 sequencing reads were generated and analysed using high-throughput local BLAST against the NCBI nr/nt database. The top BLAST hit for 2,937 of these reads was identified as a virus. Of these, 2,926 (99.6%) were correctly identified either as BoHV1, BRSV or BPI-3.

scholarly journals Assay System for Simultaneous Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1084
Author(s):  
Ho-Jae Lim ◽  
Jung-Eun Park ◽  
Min-Young Park ◽  
Joo-Hwan Baek ◽  
Sunkyung Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Respiratory Viruses ◽  
Analytical Performance ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Nucleic Acid Extraction ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggers disease with nonspecific symptoms that overlap those of infections caused by other seasonal respiratory viruses (RVs), such as the influenza virus (Flu) or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). A molecular assay for accurate and rapid detection of RV and SARS-CoV-2 is crucial to manage these infections. Here, we compared the analytical performance and clinical reliability of Allplex™ SARS-CoV-2/FluA/FluB/RSV (SC2FabR; Seegene Inc., Seoul, South Korea) kit with those of four commercially available RV detection kits. Upon testing five target viral strains (SARS-CoV-2, FluA, FluB, RSV A, and RSV B), the analytical performance of SC2FabR was similar to that of the other kits, with no significant difference (p ≥ 0.78) in z-scores. The efficiency of SC2FabR (E-value, 81–104%) enabled reliable SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal RV detection in 888 nasopharyngeal swab specimens processed using a fully automated nucleic acid extraction platform. Bland–Altman analyses revealed an agreement value of 95.4% (SD ± 1.96) for the kits, indicating statistically similar results for all five. In conclusion, SC2FabR is a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool for both SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal RV detection, allowing for high-throughput RV analysis with efficiency comparable to that of commercially available kits. This can be used to help manage respiratory infections in patients during and after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

scholarly journals Influenza C and D viral load in cattle correlates with bovine respiratory disease (BRD): Emerging role of orthomyxoviruses in the pathogenesis of BRD

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth H. Nissly ◽  
Noriza Zaman ◽  
Puteri Ainaa S. Ibrahim ◽  
Kaitlin McDaniel ◽  
Levina Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Cattle Industry ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Influenza C Virus ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the costliest disease affecting the cattle industry globally. Despite decades of research, the pathophysiology of BRD is not yet fully understood. It is widely believed that viruses predispose cattle to bacterial infection by causing direct damage to the respiratory tract and interfering with the immune system, leading to bacterial pneumonia. BRD remains a major challenge despite extensive vaccination against all major viral pathogens associated with the disease. Orthomyxoviruses (Influenza C & D viruses), have recently been found to infect cattle throughout the United States and are implicated to play a role in BRD. Here, we use the largest cohort study to date to investigate the association of influenza viruses in cattle with BRD. Cattle (n=599) from 3 locations were individually observed and scored for respiratory symptoms using the McGuirk scoring system. Deep pharyngeal and mid-nasal swabs were collected from each animal and were tested quantitatively for bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine coronavirus, influenza C virus (ICV) and influenza D virus (IDV) by real-time PCR. Cattle that have higher viral loads of IDV and ICV also have greater numbers of co-infecting viruses than controls. More strikingly, in BRD-symptomatic cattle, the geometric mean of detectable IDV viral RNA was nearly 2 logs higher in co-infected animals (1.30×104) than those singly infected with IDV (2.19×102). This is strong evidence that viral coinfections can lead to higher replication of IDV. Our results strongly suggest that orthomyxoviruses may be significant contributors to BRD.

Bovine respiratory disease research (1983–2009)

2009 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Fulton
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractBovine respiratory disease (BRD) research has provided significant understanding of the disease over the past 26 years. Modern research tools that have been used include monoclonal antibodies, genomics, polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry (IHC), DNA vaccines and viral vectors coding for immunogens. Emerging/reemerging viruses and new antigenic strains of viruses and bacteria have been identified. Methods of detection and the role for cattle persistently infected bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) were identified; viral subunits, cellular components and bacterial products have been characterized. Product advances have included vaccines for bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida; the addition of BVDV2 to the existing vaccines and new antibiotics. The role of Mycoplasma spp., particularly Mycoplasma bovis in BRD, has been more extensively studied. Bovine immunology research has provided more specific information on immune responses, T cell subsets and cytokines. The molecular and genetic basis for viral–bacterial synergy in BRD has been described. Attempts have been made to document how prevention of BRD by proper vaccination and management prior to exposure to infectious agents can minimize disease and serve as economic incentives for certified health programs.

scholarly journals The Effect of Co-Administration of Inactivated Vaccines Against Bovine Respiratory Disease and Neonatal Calf Diarrhoea

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-59
Author(s):  
B. Makoschey ◽  
G. Vertenten ◽  
D. Reddick
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Calf Health ◽  
Bovine Rotavirus ◽  
Neonatal Calf ◽  
Calf Diarrhoea ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractA pilot study was performed to evaluate the safety and serological responses after co-administration of two multivalent inactivated vaccines to pregnant cattle. One vaccine was directed against bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and contained antigens of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza 3 virus (PI3) and Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh). The second vaccine targeted neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD) and was composed of inactivated antigens of bovine rotavirus (BRV), bovine coronavirus (BCV) and E. coli. The use of these combinations have been used more and more by veterinary practitioners as there exist some clear evidence that both vaccines improves the passive protection via the colostrum for the relevant pathogens. However, up until now, no safety or efficacy data has been available concerning such co-administrations. The safety of both vaccines and the serological responses to the BRD vaccine has been evaluated when used at the same time, but without mixing and compared to the responses to the administration of each vaccine independently. There was no evidence of any negative effect on calving or calf health in any of the vaccinated animals. The antibody levels against BRSV and Mh in the sera of the calves from cows vaccinated with both vaccines were not significantly different from the levels in the sera of calves vaccinated with the BRD vaccine alone. The results from this pilot study demonstrated that the co-administration of the two multivalent inactivated vaccines had no detrimental effect on the safety or serological responses to the BRD vaccine compared to the independent use of the vaccines.

scholarly journals Bovine respiratory syncytial virus: immunohistochemichal detection in mouse and bovine tissues using a Mab against human respiratory syncytial virus

2006 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 973-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.S. Almeida ◽  
F.R. Spilki ◽  
P.M. Roehe ◽  
L.M.C. Verinaud ◽  
C.W. Arns
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Syncytial Virus

An immunoistochemical (IHC) test was developed to detect bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in cell cultures and tissues of experimentally infected mice and calves, using a commercial monoclonal antibody (Mab) against human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV), as a less expensive alternative, instead of producing specific monoclonal antibodies to BRSV. Clinical samples from calves suffering respiratory disease were also submitted to this test. IHC detected BRSV antigens in mouse tracheas (3, 5 and 7 days post-infection) and lungs (5 and 7 days post-infection), and in one of three lungs from experimentally infected calves. Lungs samples from two naturally infected calves were tested and resulted positive for BRSV by the IHC test. These results suggest that this test may be used in the future for diagnosis as well as a useful tool to assess the distribution of BRSV infections in Brazilian herds.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Pathogens Related to Bovine Respiratory Disease Before and After Transportation in Beef Steers: Preliminary Results

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Cirone ◽  
Barbara Padalino ◽  
Daniele Tullio ◽  
Paolo Capozza ◽  
Michele Losurdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pasteurella Multocida ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Beef Steers ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Histophilus Somni ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Syncytial Virus

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a serious health and economic problem in the beef industry, which is often associated with transportation and caused by different pathogens. The prevalence of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), bovine adenovirus (BAdV), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine coronavirus (BCoV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza virus (BPiV), Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Histophilus somni, Mycoplasma bovis, in the nasal microbiota of beef steers before and after the same long-distance journey from France to southern Italy was documented. Fifty-six Limousine animals of three different shipments, travelling on three different days from February to April, were included. Prior to shipment (T0) and four days after arrival (T1), two DNS/animal were collected and tested by Real Time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Univariate logistic regression was carried out, considering time and day as fixed factors and the outcome of qPCR for each pathogen as a dependent categorical dichotomous variable (positive/negative, 1/0). The fact that the number of H. somni positive animals were found to be higher in the third shipment than the first and second one, indicating that this pathogen was already present before loading, is relevant. The prevalence of BCoV, BRSV, M. haemolytica, M. bovis, P. multocida was higher at T1 than T0, suggesting that other factors, such as stress and the epidemiological status of the arrival farm, played a role. The tested animals were not treated before and after transport, and our results are in agreement with the current literature, supporting the hypothesis that the prevalence of pathogens related to BRD would increase after travelling, with an increased risk of pathogens shedding.

scholarly journals Review on bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza – usual suspects in bovine respiratory disease – a narrative review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Birgit Makoschey ◽  
Anna Catharina Berge
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Cell Mediated Immunity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Syncytial Virus

AbstractBovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV) and Bovine Parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV3) are closely related viruses involved in and both important pathogens within bovine respiratory disease (BRD), a major cause of morbidity with economic losses in cattle populations around the world. The two viruses share characteristics such as morphology and replication strategy with each other and with their counterparts in humans, HRSV and HPIV3. Therefore, BRSV and BPIV3 infections in cattle are considered useful animal models for HRSV and HPIV3 infections in humans.The interaction between the viruses and the different branches of the host’s immune system is rather complex. Neutralizing antibodies seem to be a correlate of protection against severe disease, and cell-mediated immunity is thought to be essential for virus clearance following acute infection. On the other hand, the host’s immune response considerably contributes to the tissue damage in the upper respiratory tract.BRSV and BPIV3 also have similar pathobiological and epidemiological features. Therefore, combination vaccines against both viruses are very common and a variety of traditional live attenuated and inactivated BRSV and BPIV3 vaccines are commercially available.

A ONE - TUBE NUCLEIC ACID EXTRACTION AND AMPLIFICATION (ERTPCR) METHOD FOR DETECTING RNA VIRUSES

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIGEL COOK ◽  
ANDREW S. KURDZIEL ◽  
JOHN P. HAYS ◽  
SUSAN H. GORDON ◽  
BRYAN J. DONALD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Nucleic Acid Extraction

scholarly journals Bovine respiratory disease in Brasil: a short review

2021 ◽  
pp. 2081-2110
Author(s):  
Mariana Motta Castro ◽  
◽  
Thalita Evani Silva de Oliveira ◽  
Selwyn Arligton Headley ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Bovine Respiratory Disease ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Adult Cattle ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Viral Diarrhea Virus

The bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial and multietiological disease entity described in all geographic regions of Brazil. This brief review discusses aspects related to epidemiology, etiologic agents, clinical and pathological manifestations, and challenges in the diagnosis of BRD in Brazil. The main infectious disease agents associated with respiratory outbreaks in cattle from Brazil are bovine alphaherpesvirus type 1, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, and Mycoplasma bovis. Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus have been associated with the development of pneumonia in adult cattle and calves, respectively in Brazil, and should be considered as possible causes of BRD. Additionally, studies using epidemiological data, histopathological and molecular associations with morbidity and mortality should be carried out in Brazil, to demonstrate the real impacts of BRD on livestock.

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