Phylogenetic evidence for independent origins of GDF1 and GDF3 genes in amphibians and mammals

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Opazo ◽  
Kattina Zavala
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Ancestral Gene ◽  
Differentiation Factors ◽  
Duplication Events ◽  
Independent Duplication ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Developmental

AbstractGrowth differentiation factors 1 (GDF1) and 3 (GDF3) are members of the transforming growth factor superfamily (TGF-β) that is involved in fundamental early-developmental processes that are conserved across vertebrates. The evolutionary history of these genes is still under debate due to ambiguous definitions of homologous relationships among vertebrates. Thus, the goal of this study was to unravel the evolution of the GDF1 and GDF3 genes of vertebrates, emphasizing the understanding of homologous relationships and their evolutionary origin. Surprisingly, our results revealed that the GDF1 and GDF3 genes found in amphibians and mammals are the products of independent duplication events of an ancestral gene in the ancestor of each of these lineages. The main implication of this result is that the GDF1 and GDF3 genes of amphibians and mammals are not 1:1 orthologs. In other words, genes that participate in fundamental processes during early development have been reinvented two independent times during the evolutionary history of tetrapods.

scholarly journals Evolution of Nodal and Nodal-related genes and the putative composition of the heterodimer that triggers the Nodal pathway in vertebrates

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Opazo ◽  
Shigehiro Kuraku ◽  
Kattina Zavala ◽  
Jessica Toloza-Villalobos ◽  
Federico G. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Gene Family ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Signaling Molecule ◽  
Number Of Genes ◽  
Differential Retention ◽  
History Of ◽  
Growth Factor Beta

AbstractNodal is a signaling molecule that belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily that plays key roles during the early stages of development of animals. Nodal forms an heterodimer with a GDF1/3 protein to activate the Nodal pathway. Vertebrates have a paralog of nodal in their genomes labeled Nodal related, but the evolutionary history of these genes is a matter of debate, mainly because of variable numbers of genes in the vertebrate genomes sequenced so far. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the evolutionary history of the Nodal and Nodal-related genes with an emphasis in tracking changes in the number of genes among vertebrates. Our results show the presence of two gene lineages (Nodal and Nodal-related) that can be traced back to the ancestor of jawed vertebrates. These lineages have undergone processes of differential retention and lineage-specific expansions. Our results imply that Nodal and Nodal-related duplicated at the latest in the ancestor of gnathostomes, and they still retain a significant level of functional redundancy. By comparing the evolution of the Nodal/Nodal-related with GDF1/3 gene family, it is possible to infer that there are at least four types of heterodimers that can trigger the Nodal pathway among vertebrates.

Evolution of the vertebrate globin gene family

Hemoglobin ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 94-123
Author(s):  
Jay F. Storz
Keyword(s):  
Whole Genome Duplication ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Functional Divergence ◽  
Globin Gene ◽  
Globin Genes ◽  
Tandem Gene Duplication ◽  
Animal Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Reconstructions ◽  
Duplication Events ◽  
History Of

Chapter 5 provides an overview of the evolutionary history of the globin gene superfamily and places the evolution of vertebrate-specific globins in phylogenetic context. The duplication and functional divergence of globin genes has promoted key physiological innovations in respiratory gas transport and other physiological functions during animal evolution. A combination of both tandem gene duplication and whole-genome duplication contributed to the diversification of vertebrate globins. Phylogenetic reconstructions arrange vertebrate globins into those that derive from vertebrate-specific duplications (cytoglobin, globin E, globin Y, and the independently derived myoglobin-like and hemoglobin-like genes of jawed vertebrates and jawless fishes [lampreys and hagfish]) and those that derive from far more ancient duplication events that predate the divergence between deuterostomes and protostomes (androglobin, globin X, and neuroglobin). Tracing the evolutionary history of deuterostome globins reveals evidence for the repeated culling of ancestral diversity, followed by lineage-specific diversification of surviving gene lineages via repeated rounds of duplication and divergence.

scholarly journals Origin of raptorial feeding in juvenile euarthropods revealed by a Cambrian radiodontan

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 863-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianni Liu ◽  
Rudy Lerosey-Aubril ◽  
Michael Steiner ◽  
Jason A Dunlop ◽  
Degan Shu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Rapid Rise ◽  
Juvenile Instar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dietary Ecology ◽  
Chengjiang Biota ◽  
Early Developmental

Abstract The rapid rise of arthropods during the Cambrian quickly established some clades, such as the euarthropod stem-group called Radiodonta, as the dominant and most diverse predators in marine ecosystems. Recent discoveries have shown that the size and dietary ecology of radiodontans are far more diverse than previously thought, but little is known about the feeding habits of juveniles. Here, we document a very small (∼18-mm-long), near-complete specimen of the radiodontan Lyrarapax unguispinus from the early Cambrian Chengjiang Biota of China. This specimen is the smallest radiodontan individual known, representing a juvenile instar. Its adult-like morphology—especially the fully developed spinose frontal appendages and tetraradial oral cone—indicates that L. unguispinus was a well-equipped predator at an early developmental stage, similar to modern raptorial euarthropods, such as mantises, mantis shrimps and arachnids. This evidence, coupled with the basal phylogenetic position of radiodontans, confirms that raptorial feeding habits in juvenile euarthropods appeared early in the evolutionary history of the group.

scholarly journals The evolutionary history of human spindle genes includes back-and-forth gene flow with Neandertals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphane Peyrégne ◽  
Janet Kelso ◽  
Benjamin Marco Peter ◽  
Svante Pääbo
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Ancestral Gene ◽  
Cytoskeletal Structure ◽  
Spindle Apparatus ◽  
History Of ◽  
Segregation Of Chromosomes

Proteins associated with the spindle apparatus, a cytoskeletal structure that ensures the proper segregation of chromosomes during cell division, experienced an unusual number of amino acid substitutions in modern humans after the split from the ancestors of Neandertals and Denisovans. Here, we analyze the history of these substitutions and show that some of the genes in which they occur may have been targets of positive selection. We also find that the two changes in the kinetochore scaffold 1 (KNL1) protein, previously believed to be specific to modern humans, were present in some Neandertals. We show that the KNL1 gene of these Neandertals shared a common ancestor with present-day Africans about 200,000 years ago due to gene flow from the ancestors (or relatives) of modern humans into Neandertals. Subsequently, some non-Africans inherited this modern human-like gene variant from Neandertals, but none inherited the ancestral gene variants. These results add to the growing evidence of early contacts between modern humans and archaic groups in Eurasia and illustrate the intricate relationships among these groups.

Dissecting Growth Factors Production in Patients with Agnogenic Myeloid Metaplasia (AMM).

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 4749-4749
Author(s):  
Jen-Chin Wang ◽  
Kirugaval Hemavathy ◽  
Amit Goldberg ◽  
Tsong S. Chang ◽  
Allan D. Novetsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Prior History ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Myeloid Metaplasia ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
History Of ◽  
Tgf Β1 ◽  
Marrow Fibrosis

Abstract Growth factors including Transforming Growth Factor-β 1 ( TGF- β1), Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) and Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) have been implicated as responsible for bone marrow fibrosis in AMM. Although TGF-β1 and FGF have been demonstrated to be increased in blood hematopoietic progenitor cells, a direct measurement of the production of these growth factors by megakaryocytes has not been performed. The current study was devised to study the production of these growth factors production directly in megakaryocytes and monocytes of AMM patients and correlate these with the clinical features. Twelve patients with AMM and 11 normal healthy volunteers used as controls, were studied. CD 34 + cells and CD 14+ cells were obtained from blood mononuclear cells by MACS Progenitor cell isolation kits ( Miltenyi Biotec, CA). The megakaryocytic (CD41+) cells were then obtained by growing the isolated blood CD34 + for 10 days in Iscove Modified Dulbecco Medium with Stem Cell Growth Factor and Thrombopoietin. The mRNA levels of TGF-β1, FGF and PDGF in the isolated megakaryocytes and blood monocytes were assayed by Real-Time RT-PCR. The results were as shown in Table 1. Among the AMM patients, a patient with prior history of Polycythemia Vera (PV) and a patient with Essential Throbocythemia (ET) were found to have elevated PDGF and FGF expression in their monocytes but the expression of growth factors was not elevated in their megakaryocytes.. These results demonstrate that megakaryocytes are the main source of growth factors responsible for marrow fibrosis. The study also suggests that growth factors produced by monocytes may be responsible for fibrosis in AMM patients with a prior history of PV or ET. Table-1 Megakaryocytes Monocytes * Denotes number of patients with elevated growth factor levels as compared with controls. ** Denotes numbers of patients tested. TGF- β 1 8*/10* 0/10 PDGF 8/10 3/7 FGF 6/10 2/7

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