scholarly journals Evolutionary parallelisms of pectoral and pelvic network-anatomy from fins to limbs

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borja Esteve-Altava ◽  
Stephanie E. Pierce ◽  
Julia L. Molnar ◽  
Peter Johnston ◽  
Rui Diogo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Novelty ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Topological Features ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Transitional Forms ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Topological Changes

ABSTRACTPectoral and pelvic lobe-fins transformed into fore- and hindlimbs during the Devonian period, enabling the water-to-land transition in tetrapods. In the timespan of ~60 million years, transitional forms evolved, spanning a wide range of morphologies. Here we traced the evolution of well-articulated appendicular skeletons across the fins-to-limbs transition, using a network-based approach and phylogenetic tools to quantify and compare topological features of skeletal anatomy of fins and limbs. We show that the topological arrangement of bones in the pectoral and pelvic appendages evolved in parallel during the fins-to-limbs transition, occupying overlapping regions of the morphospace, following a directional mode of evolution, and decreasing their disparity over time. We identify the presence of digits as the morphological novelty triggering significant topological changes that clearly discriminated limbs from fins. The origin of digits caused an evolutionary shift towards appendages that were less densely and heterogeneously connected, but more assortative and modular. Topological disparity likewise decreased for both appendages: for the pectoral appendage, until the origin of amniotes; for the pelvic appendage, until a time concomitant with the earliest-known tetrapod tracks. Finally, we tested and rejected the presence of a pectoral-pelvic similarity bottleneck for the network-anatomy of appendages at the origin of tetrapods. We interpret our findings in the context of a dynamic compromise between possibly different functional demands in pectoral and pelvic appendages during the water-to-land transition and a shared developmental program constraining the evolvability of limbs.

scholarly journals Evolutionary parallelisms of pectoral and pelvic network-anatomy from fins to limbs

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. eaau7459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Borja Esteve-Altava ◽  
Stephanie E. Pierce ◽  
Julia L. Molnar ◽  
Peter Johnston ◽  
Rui Diogo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Novelty ◽  
Topological Features ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Directional Trend ◽  
Topological Changes

Lobe-fins transformed into limbs during the Devonian period, facilitating the water-to-land transition in tetrapods. We traced the evolution of well-articulated skeletons across the fins-to-limbs transition, using a network-based approach to quantify and compare topological features of fins and limbs. We show that the topological arrangement of bones in pectoral and pelvic appendages evolved in parallel during the fins-to-limbs transition, occupying overlapping regions of the morphospace, following a directional trend, and decreasing their disparity over time. We identify the presence of digits as the morphological novelty triggering topological changes that discriminated limbs from fins. The origin of digits caused an evolutionary shift toward appendages that were less densely and heterogeneously connected, but more assortative and modular. Disparity likewise decreased for both appendages, more markedly until a time concomitant with the earliest-known tetrapod tracks. Last, we rejected the presence of a pectoral-pelvic similarity bottleneck at the origin of tetrapods.

Anti-corruption in History

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Financial Institutions ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Wellbeing ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Legitimate Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scant Attention ◽  
Over Time

Anticorruption in History is the first major collection of case studies on how past societies and polities, in and beyond Europe, defined legitimate power in terms of fighting corruption and designed specific mechanisms to pursue that agenda. It is a timely book: corruption is widely seen today as a major problem, undermining trust in government, financial institutions, economic efficiency, the principle of equality before the law and human wellbeing in general. Corruption, in short, is a major hurdle on the “path to Denmark”—a feted blueprint for stable and successful statebuilding. The resonance of this view explains why efforts to promote anticorruption policies have proliferated in recent years. But while the subjects of corruption and anticorruption have captured the attention of politicians, scholars, NGOs and the global media, scant attention has been paid to the link between corruption and the change of anticorruption policies over time and place. Such a historical approach could help explain major moments of change in the past as well as reasons for the success and failure of specific anticorruption policies and their relation to a country’s image (of itself or as construed from outside) as being more or less corrupt. It is precisely this scholarly lacuna that the present volume intends to begin to fill. A wide range of historical contexts are addressed, ranging from the ancient to the modern period, with specific insights for policy makers offered throughout.

scholarly journals A Newfangled Collagenase Inhibitor Topical Formulation Based on Ethosomes with Sambucus nigra L. Extract

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Ana Henriques Mota ◽  
Inês Prazeres ◽  
Henrique Mestre ◽  
Andreia Bento-Silva ◽  
Maria João Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Release Profile ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Topical Formulation ◽  
Sambucus Nigra ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Sambucus nigra L. (S. nigra) is a shrub widespread in Europe and western Asia, traditionally used in medicine, that has become popular in recent years as a potential source of a wide range of interesting bioactive compounds. The aim of the present work was to develop a topical S. nigra extract formulation based on ethosomes and thus to support its health claims with scientific evidence. S. nigra extract was prepared by an ultrasound-assisted method and then included in ethosomes. The ethosomes were analyzed in terms of their size, stability over time, morphology, entrapment capacity (EC), extract release profile, stability over time and several biological activities. The prepared ethosomes were indicated to be well defined, presenting sizes around 600 nm. The extract entrapment capacity in ethosomes was 73.9 ± 24.8%, with an interesting slow extract release profile over 24 h. The extract-loaded ethosomes presented collagenase inhibition activity and a very good skin compatibility after human application. This study demonstrates the potential use of S. nigra extract incorporated in ethosomes as a potential cosmeceutical ingredient and on further studies should be performed to better understand the impact of S. nigra compounds on skin care over the time.

ExpanDrogram: Dynamic Visualization of Big Data Segmentation over Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
A. Khalemsky ◽  
R. Gelbard
Keyword(s):  
Big Data ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Trend Detection ◽  
Dynamic Visualization ◽  
Segmentation Process ◽  
Key Points ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

In dynamic and big data environments the visualization of a segmentation process over time often does not enable the user to simultaneously track entire pieces. The key points are sometimes incomparable, and the user is limited to a static visual presentation of a certain point. The proposed visualization concept, called ExpanDrogram, is designed to support dynamic classifiers that run in a big data environment subject to changes in data characteristics. It offers a wide range of features that seek to maximize the customization of a segmentation problem. The main goal of the ExpanDrogram visualization is to improve comprehensiveness by combining both the individual and segment levels, illustrating the dynamics of the segmentation process over time, providing “version control” that enables the user to observe the history of changes, and more. The method is illustrated using different datasets, with which we demonstrate multiple segmentation parameters, as well as multiple display layers, to highlight points such as new trend detection, outlier detection, tracking changes in original segments, and zoom in/out for more/less detail. The datasets vary in size from a small one to one of more than 12 million records.

Health Disparities and the Law: Wrongs in Search of a Right

2003 ◽  
Vol 29 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 363-380
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Bobinski
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Planning ◽  
Healthy People ◽  
Public Action ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Obesity And Diabetes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
State Coercion ◽  
Healthy People 2010 ◽  
Over Time

Healthy People 2010 provides our Nation with the wide range of public health opportunities that exist in the first decade of the 21st century. With 467 objectives in 28 focus areas, Healthy People 2010 will be a tremendously valuable asset … . Healthy People 2010 reflects the very best in public health planning—it is comprehensive, it was created by a broad coalition of experts from many sectors, it has been designed to measure progress over time, and, most important, it clearly lays out a series of objectives to bring better health to all people in this country.The current responses to the traditional health perils … have been weakened. At the same time, it seems to this outsider as though the entire public health establishment is united around the proposition that massive public action should be taken to deal with the new “epidemics,” such as obesity and diabetes … . But the use of the term “epidemic” is just the wrong way to think about this issue. There are no noncommunicable epidemics … . Yet the designation [of] obesity as a public health epidemic is designed to signal that state coercion is appropriate … .

scholarly journals Markov-Modulated Continuous-Time Markov Chains to Identify Site- and Branch-Specific Evolutionary Variation in BEAST

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Guy Baele ◽  
Mandev S Gill ◽  
Paul Bastide ◽  
Philippe Lemey ◽  
Marc A Suchard
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Markov Models ◽  
Marginal Likelihood ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Phylogenetic Inference ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Substitution Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Markov Modulated ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Markov models of character substitution on phylogenies form the foundation of phylogenetic inference frameworks. Early models made the simplifying assumption that the substitution process is homogeneous over time and across sites in the molecular sequence alignment. While standard practice adopts extensions that accommodate heterogeneity of substitution rates across sites, heterogeneity in the process over time in a site-specific manner remains frequently overlooked. This is problematic, as evolutionary processes that act at the molecular level are highly variable, subjecting different sites to different selective constraints over time, impacting their substitution behavior. We propose incorporating time variability through Markov-modulated models (MMMs), which extend covarion-like models and allow the substitution process (including relative character exchange rates as well as the overall substitution rate) at individual sites to vary across lineages. We implement a general MMM framework in BEAST, a popular Bayesian phylogenetic inference software package, allowing researchers to compose a wide range of MMMs through flexible XML specification. Using examples from bacterial, viral, and plastid genome evolution, we show that MMMs impact phylogenetic tree estimation and can substantially improve model fit compared to standard substitution models. Through simulations, we show that marginal likelihood estimation accurately identifies the generative model and does not systematically prefer the more parameter-rich MMMs. To mitigate the increased computational demands associated with MMMs, our implementation exploits recent developments in BEAGLE, a high-performance computational library for phylogenetic inference. [Bayesian inference; BEAGLE; BEAST; covarion, heterotachy; Markov-modulated models; phylogenetics.]

Sustaining Research-Based Practices in Reading

1999 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 263-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janette K. Klingner ◽  
Sharon Vaughn ◽  
Marie Tejero Hughes ◽  
Maria Elena Arguelles
Keyword(s):  
Instructional Practices ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Strategic Reading ◽  
School Year ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sustained Use ◽  
Development Experience ◽  
Collaborative Strategic Reading ◽  
Research Based Practices ◽  
Over Time

This study examined the extent to which the reading instructional practices learned by a cohort of teachers who participated in an intensive, yearlong professional development experience during the 1994-1995 school year have been sustained and modified over time. Teachers learned three multileveled practices—partner reading, collaborative strategic reading, and making words—that promote gains in reading for students from a wide range of achievement levels. Teachers were observed and interviewed 3 years later to determine the extent to which they continued to implement the practices, the ways in which they modified them, and factors that influenced their sustained use of the practices. With the exception of one teacher, all the teachers sustained one or more of the three practices at a high rate.

Modifications of Seizure Susceptibility inDrosophila

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 998-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kuebler ◽  
Mark A. Tanouye
Keyword(s):  
Idiopathic Epilepsy ◽  
Seizure Susceptibility ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Seizure Disorders ◽  
Spontaneous Seizures ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Symptomatic Seizures ◽  
Type Strains ◽  
Over Time

In a given population, certain individuals are much more likely to have seizures than others. This increase in seizure susceptibility can lead to spontaneous seizures, such as seen in idiopathic epilepsy, or to symptomatic seizures that occur after insults to the nervous system. Despite the frequency of these seizure disorders in the human population, the genetic and physiological basis for these defects remains unclear. The present study makes use of Drosophila as a potentially powerful model for understanding seizure susceptibility in humans. In addition to the genetic and molecular advantages of using Drosophila, it has been found that seizures in Drosophila share much in common with seizures seen in humans. However, the most powerful aspect of this model lies in the ability to accurately measure seizure susceptibility across genotypes and over time. In the current study seizure susceptibility was quantified in a variety of mutant and wild-type strains, and it was found that genetic mutations can modulate susceptibility over an extremely wide range. This genetic modulation of seizure susceptibility apparently occurs without affecting the threshold of individual neurons. Seizure susceptibility also varied depending on the experience of the fly, decreasing immediately after a seizure and then gradually increasing over time. A novel phenomenon was also identified in which seizures are suppressed after certain high-intensity stimuli. These results demonstrate the utility of Drosophila as a model system for studying human seizure disorders and provide insights into the possible mechanisms by which seizure susceptibility is modified.

scholarly journals Neuroarchitecture Assessment: An Overview and Bibliometric Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1362-1387
Author(s):  
Hessam Ghamari ◽  
Nasrin Golshany ◽  
Parastou NaghibiRad ◽  
Farzaneh Behzadi
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Science Mapping ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Mapping Tool ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Range Spread ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Major Progress ◽  
Over Time

Research on the relationship between architecture and neuroscience has increased in number and significance since the 1990s. Although a growing number of studies revolve around this field of research, there are very limited studies that have reviewed and assessed the field and there is a gap in the literature to address the overall analysis of neuroarchitecture literature and its evolution. Additionally, neuroarchitecture literature is now challenging to manage because of its multidisciplinary scope and wide range spread within different themes and journals. The primary aim of this study is to present a bibliometric analysis of three decades of research on neuroarchitecture. This provides an overall picture of the field and its research landscape. Two hundred and ninety-five publications were included in the final database of the study after screening processes. Next, a science mapping tool, VOSviewer, was utilized to detect major topics as well as influential authors, countries, publications, and prominent journals using different network analysis techniques such as term co-citation, term co-occurrence, and bibliographic coupling. Next, a similar co-occurrence analysis was conducted to identify the major themes and the evolution of the intellectual basis of the field. SciMAT was also used to detect how the intellectual base of the knowledge in the field has evolved over time. It also assisted to identify the major themes that have contributed to this evolution. The results show that this field has initially been mainly focused on few themes but has later become more diversified to acknowledge the multi-faceted characteristics of neuroarchitecture; over time, the intellectual base of the field of neuroarchitecture started to grow, particularly from 2016. Major progress in the development of theoretical and methodological approaches has been achieved and there has been a paradigm shift toward major keywords in neuroarchitecture such as EEG, fMRI, and virtual reality.

scholarly journals Universal Basic Income: Reflections on the Possible Impac on Improving the Living Standards and Quality of Life and the Sustainability of Society

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-24
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Bobkov ◽  
Nikolay Dolgushkin ◽  
Yelena Odintsova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Transitional Forms

The article is devoted to the study of the possible impact of the introduction of universal basic income on improving the standards of living and quality of life and sustainability of societies. The theoretical part of the article reveals the problems that require further study of the category of " universal basic income" (UBI), such as its relationship with the transformation of the state and society, labour and employment, the standards of living and quality of life; the reasons for the introduction and tasks that are solved with the use of UBI, contradictions and limitations of this tool of political, economic and social reforms. In the practical part of the article on the basis of systematization of the most important experiments on the introduction of UBI the conclusion of the transitional forms of its experimental implementation is made: the conditionality (for the target categories of citizens), not the unconditionality of payments, limited period of payment, small size, commensurate with the national subsistence minimum. All this does not allow us to consider this payment as a basic one with all its local impact on the transformation of social systems in the countries concerned. The conclusion is made about the embryonic practical application of UBI elements in Rossiya. A number of recommendations for additions to the testing elements of the universal basic income in our country have been elaborated: to increase per capita income after the provision of targeted social support to low-income sections of the population; to select the trajectories of employment for registered unemployed persons; to reduce the time transitions of graduates from educational institutions to stable or satisfactory employment; and to increase the level of security for the employed with a wide range of characteristics of precarity of employment. The Object of the Study is country societies and their separate regional and social groups.The Subject of the Study is the transformation of employment, social protection and sustainability of societies in connection with the introduction of elements of universal basic income.The Purpose of the Study is identifying hypothetical possibilities of influence on the improvement of the standards of living and quality of life and sustainability of societies by the introduction of universal basic income and analysing the results of testing its transitional forms.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document