scholarly journals Multiple Toll-Spätzle Pathways in Drosophila melanogaster Immunity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Munmun Chowdhury ◽  
Chun-Feng Li ◽  
Zhen He ◽  
Yuzhen Lu ◽  
Xusheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Systemic Infection ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractThe Drosophila melanogaster Toll-Spätzle pathway plays an important role in development and immunity. Drosophila genome encodes nine Toll receptors and six Spätzle (Spz) proteins, and only the canonical Toll-Spz (Toll-1-Spz-1) pathway has been well investigated. In this study, we compared the nine Drosophila Tolls and showed that similarly to Toll, Toll-7 also strongly activated drosomycin promoter. Importantly, we showed that both Toll and Toll-7 interacted with Spz, Spz-2 and Spz-5, and co-expression of Toll or Toll-7 with Spz, Spz-2 and Spz-5 activated the drosomycin promoter. Furthermore, Toll and Toll-7 both recognized vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) by binding to the VSV glycoprotein. Septic infection in Toll and Toll-7 mutant flies suggested that Toll and Toll-7 differentially affected defense responses in adult males and females after systemic infection by Enterococcus faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans or VSV. Our results suggest multiple Toll family members activate the expression of antimicrobial peptides. Our results also provide evidence that Toll and Toll-7 bind multiple Spätzle proteins and differentially affect immune defense against different pathogens in adult male and female flies.

GONADOTROPHIN PATTERNS IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS: PLASMA LH AND FSH AT VARIOUS AGES EVALUATED BY THE METHOD OF PARABIOSIS

1967 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Ovarian Weight ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Tonic Level ◽  
Males And Females

ABSTRACT Ventral prostates in hypophysectomized male parabiotic partners of intact animals were used to compare the amount of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) in males and females of various ages. Ovarian weight, histology, and augmentation with chorionic gonadotrophin, in hypophysectomized androgenized females were used to estimate plasma follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) activity in intact adult males and females. In young animals, up to 50 days of age, males apparently have the same amount of plasma LH as females, but older cyclic females produced significantly heavier prostates in their hypophysectomized male partners than did males. The results are consistent with the interpretation that cyclic surges of LH added to a tonic level produced an average value higher for females than males. In contrast, males of all ages and particularly adults, have a significantly greater amount of circulating FSH than females.

Variation with Age in the Susceptibility to DDT and the Respiration Rate of male and female Drosophila melanogaster Mg.

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

DDT in odourless distillate was topically applied to individual males and females of the Rothamated wild type of Drosophila melanogaster Mg. The lines for the regression of mortality in probits on log. dosage of DDT for males and females, five days old, were parallel, and males were 1·86 times as susceptible as females. Susceptibility was high in young flies, but rapidly decreased with age, to a minimum at about five days, thereafter increasing rapidly in males and not significantly in females. The need for sexing and standardising age in flies used for toxicological investigations was thus demonstrated.Respiration rate in untreated flies was measured by a modified Barcroft method. In males it increased with age up to five days, and then decreased; in females it increased with age up to nine days. Variations with age in respiration rate and susceptibility to DDT were negatively correlated.

Cuticular and internal n-alkane composition of Lucilia sericata larvae, pupae, male and female imagines: application of HPLC-LLSD and GC/MS-SIM

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gołębiowski ◽  
M. Paszkiewicz ◽  
A. Grubba ◽  
D. Gąsiewska ◽  
M.I. Boguś ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lucilia Sericata ◽  
Cuticular Lipids ◽  
Ion Current ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fraction ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Selected Ion Monitoring ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Carbon Chains ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractThe composition of cuticular and internal n-alkanes in Lucilia sericata larvae, pupae, and male and female imagines were studied. The cuticular and internal lipid extracts were separated by HPLC-LLSD, after which the hydrocarbon fraction was identified by GC/MS in selected ion monitoring (SIM) and total ion current (TIC) modes.The cuticular lipids of the larvae contained seven n-alkanes from C23 to C31. The major n-alkane in L. sericata larvae was C29 (42.1%). The total cuticular n-alkane content in the cuticular lipids was 31.46 μg g−1 of the insect body. The internal lipids of L. sericata larvae contained five n-alkanes ranged from C25 to C31. The most abundant compound was C27 (61.71 μg g−1 of the insect body). Eighteen n-alkanes from C14 to C31 were identified in the cuticular lipids of the pupae. The most abundant n-alkanes ranged from C25 to C31; those with odd-numbered carbon chains were particularly abundant, the major one being C29:0 (59.5%). Traces of eight cuticular n-alkanes were present. The internal lipids of L. sericata pupae contained five n-alkanes, ranging from C25 to C31. The cuticular lipids of female imagines contained 17 n-alkanes from C12 to C30. Among the cuticular n-alkanes of females, C27 (47.5%) was the most abundant compound. Four n-alkanes, with only odd-numbered carbon chains, were identified in the internal lipids of females. The lipids from both sexes of L. sericata had similar n-alkane profiles. The cuticular lipids of adult males contained 16 n-alkanes ranging from C13 to C31. C27 (47.9%) was the most abundant cuticular n-alkanes in males. The same n-alkanes only with odd-numbered carbon chains and in smaller quantities of C27 (0.1%) were also identified in the internal lipids of males.The highest amounts of total cuticular n-alkanes were detected in males and females of L. sericata (330.4 and 158.93 μg g−1 of the insect body, respectively). The quantities of total cuticular alcohols in larvae and pupae were smaller (31.46 μg g−1 and 42.08 μg g−1, respectively). The internal n-alkane contents of larvae, pupae, and male and female imagines were significantly higher than the cuticular n-alkane contents (153.53, 99.60, 360.06 and 838.76 μg g−1 of the insect body, respectively).

scholarly journals Investigating the interaction between inter-locus and intra-locus sexual conflict using hemiclonal analysis in Drosophila melanogaster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manas Geeta Arun ◽  
Tejinder Singh Chechi ◽  
Rakesh Meena ◽  
Shradha Dattaraya Bhosle ◽  
Srishti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Genetic Correlation ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Operational Sex Ratio ◽  
Female Fitness ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

Divergence in the evolutionary interests of males and females leads to sexual conflict. Traditionally, sexual conflict has been classified into two types: inter-locus sexual conflict (IeSC) and intra-locus sexual conflict (IaSC). IeSC is modeled as a conflict over outcomes of intersexual reproductive interactions mediated by loci that are sex-limited in their effects. IaSC is thought to be a product of selection acting in opposite directions in males and females on traits with a common underlying genetic basis. While in their canonical formalisms IaSC and IeSC are mutually exclusive, there is growing support for the idea that the two may interact. Empirical evidence for such interactions, however, is limited. Here, we investigated the interaction between IeSC and IaSC in Drosophila melanogaster. Using hemiclonal analysis, we sampled 39 hemigenomes from a laboratory-adapted population of D. melanogaster. We measured the contribution of each hemigenome to adult male and female fitness at three different intensities of IeSC, obtained by varying the operational sex-ratio. Subsequently, we estimated the intensity of IaSC at each sex-ratio by calculating the intersexual genetic correlation for fitness and the proportion of sexually antagonistic fitness-variation. Our results indicate a statistically non-significant trend suggesting that increasing the strength of IeSC ameliorates IaSC in the population.

Roads, routes and rams: does sexual segregation contribute to anthropogenic risk in a desert-dwelling ungulate?

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon C. Bleich ◽  
Jericho C. Whiting ◽  
John G. Kie ◽  
R. Terry Bowyer
Keyword(s):  
Bighorn Sheep ◽  
Ovis Canadensis ◽  
Sexual Segregation ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Core Areas ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Time Of Year

Context Little is known about the consequences of sexual segregation (differential use of resources by the sexes outside of the mating season) for the conservation of large mammals. Roadways (i.e. the strip of land over which a road or route passes) are ubiquitous around the world, and are a major cause of wildlife mortality, as well as habitat loss and fragmentation. Many populations of bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) occur at low densities and in a metapopulation structure. Roadways could affect movements of males and females differentially, an outcome that has not been considered previously. Aims We investigated the propensity of the sexes to cross a paved two-lane road and a single-lane, maintained dirt route and predicted that adult males, because of their life-history characteristics, would cross those roadways more often than females. Methods We investigated movements of male and female bighorn sheep from 1986 to 1990. We used a fixed-wing aircraft with an H-antenna on each wing strut to locate individuals each week from October 1986 to December 1990. We estimated the degree of overlap among 50% core areas of use by males and females with the utilisation distribution overlap index (UDOI). Key results We relocated male and female bighorn sheep on 948 occasions during sexual aggregation and on 1951 occasions during sexual segregation. More males than females were likely to cross both types of roadways during segregation, and the dirt route during aggregation. Propensity of males and females to cross roadways was strongly influenced by time of year (i.e. whether the period of sexual aggregation or sexual segregation). The lowest overlap in 50% core areas was between females and males during periods of segregation (UDOI = 0.1447). Conclusions More males than females crossed Kelbaker Road and the unnamed dirt route during segregation, as well as the unnamed route during aggregation. Both of those features could affect males more than females, and could result in reductions in the use of habitat or increased mortality of bighorn sheep from vehicle collisions as a result of spatial segregation of the sexes. Implications During environmental review, biologists should consider sexual segregation when assessing potential anthropogenic effects on movements of bighorn sheep. Biologists also should consider sexual segregation and how roadways, even lightly traveled routes, affect movements of male and female ungulates differently before manipulating habitat, translocating animals, or constructing or modifying roadways.

Courtship-Like Tracking Behaviour in Wild-Type Female Drosophila melanogaster

1981 ◽  
Vol 36 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 475-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Cook
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Control System ◽  
Functional Relationship ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Wild Type Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Sex Specificity ◽  
Relationship Of

Abstract Both male and female Drosophila melanogaster possess systems which enable them to track other walking flies visually. Males use this system predominantly in courtship; females, when of sufficient age but still unmated, have been observed to track other flies, at rates of up to 18 bouts per hour. This behaviour is most conveniently studied in groups of females. Although similar to the courtship tracking of males, fem ale/female tracking lacks the “circling” component of courtship. The data suggest a functional relationship of female/female tracking to reproductive behaviour, although none has yet been identified. Bouts of tracking by females are most frequently terminated by the following female, especially when the target female remains motionless. Comparison of the tracking parameters of males and females has revealed differences in the velocity and pathlength of tracking bouts, and in the position of the fly with respect to the target. Males of Canton and Kapelle strains differ in the translatory component of their courtship tracking, but such a difference was not evident between females of these strains. Furthermore, tracking females do not allow their distance to the target to rise to that permissible in males, which suggests some sex-specificity in a part of the control system for tracking.

Impact of age and sex on response to ischemic preconditioning in the rat heart: differential role of the PI3K–AKT pathway

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 640-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronika Ledvenyiova ◽  
Dezider Pancza ◽  
Jana Matejiková ◽  
Miroslav Ferko ◽  
Iveta Bernatova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Preconditioning ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Akt Pathway ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Old Females

Sex and aging represent important factors that determine morbidity and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in the human population. This study aimed to investigate the impact of aging on the response to ischemia–reperfusion in male and female rat hearts, and to explore a potential role of the PI3K–Akt pathway in the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in the myocardium of younger and older adult males and females. Langendorff-perfused nonpreconditioned and preconditioned hearts of 12- and 18-week-old male and female Wistar rats were subjected to regional ischemia and reperfusion with or without prior perfusion with the PI3K inhibitor wortmannin for the evaluation of ischemia-induced arrhythmias and the size of myocardial infarction (infarct size; IS). Aging did not modify IS in both sexes; however, it markedly increased susceptibility to arrhythmias. Although IPC effectively reduced IS in males and females of both ages, only the hearts of males and 18-week-old females benefited from its antiarrhythmic effect. In the preconditioned 12-week-old females, but not the 18-week-old females, and in males of both ages, wortmannin blunted the anti-infarct effect of IPC. In conclusion, activation of the PI3K–Akt pathway plays an important role in protection against lethal injury conferred by IPC in males irrespective of age. The IS-limiting effect of IPC appears to be PI3K–Akt-dependent only in the 12-week-old females.

scholarly journals Description of life stages of dung beetle Scaptodera rhadamistus (Fabricius, 1775) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with notes on nesting and biology

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (15) ◽  
pp. 12990-12994
Author(s):  
Suvarna S. Khadakkar ◽  
Ashish D. Tiple ◽  
Arun M. Khurad
Keyword(s):  
Dung Beetle ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
First Time ◽  
Support Projection

Immature stages of Scaptodera rhadamistus (Fabricius) are described for the first time along with notes on nidification and biology.  The larvae differ from other Scarabaeinae species in the structure of raster on tenth sternum with two irregular bunches of serrations ventrally one on either half.  Pupae with pronotum transverse having rounded margins resemble adults, and consist of four lateral, single caudal and single pteronotal support projection.  Adult males and females differ in coloration, structure of pronotum, presence of spine like process on mesosternum and, in the structure of male and female genitalia.

Gyrinus rhyssonotum sp. n., a new species of Gyrinidae (Coleoptera: Adephaga) from northern Brazil

Zootaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4560 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
DANIARA COLPANI ◽  
CESAR JOÃO BENETTI ◽  
NEUSA HAMADA
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Body Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Genitalia ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Northern Brazil ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Amazonas State ◽  
A New Species

Gyrinus rhyssonotum sp. n. is described and illustrated based on adult males and females collected in Barcelos County, Amazonas state, Brazil. The new species belongs to the subgenus Oreogyrinus Ochs, 1935 and it is compared with Gyrinus (Oreogyrinus) fittkaui Ochs, 1963 and G. (O.) opalinus Régimbart, 1883, both occurring in the Brazilian Amazonas and G. (O.) colombicus Régimbart, 1883 and G. (O.) venezolensis Ochs, 1954, these two latter alien to the Brazilian fauna but with which G. (O) rhyssonotum sp. n. seems to be more closely related, though the new species can be distinguished from both by a series of characteristics, mainly observed in the body shape, elytra, pronotum, and in male and female genitalia. 

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