scholarly journals Antagonistic pathogen-mediated selection favours the maintenance of innate immune gene polymorphism in a widespread wild ungulate

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwan Quéméré ◽  
Pauline Hessenauer ◽  
Maxime Galan ◽  
Marie Fernandez ◽  
Joël Merlet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roe Deer ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Multiple Pathogen

AbstractToll-like Receptors (TLR) play a central role in recognition and host frontline defence against a wide range of pathogens. A number of recent studies have shown that TLR genes (Tlrs) often exhibit a large polymorphism in natural populations. Yet, there is little knowledge on how this polymorphism is maintained and how it influences disease susceptibility in the wild. In a previous work, we showed that some Tlrs exhibit similarly high levels of genetic diversity than Mhc and contemporary signatures of balancing selection in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), an abundant and widespread ungulate in Europe. Here, we tested whether Mhc-Drb or Tlr (Tlr2, Tlr4 and Tlr5) diversity is driven by pathogen-mediated selection. We examined the relationships between their genotype (heterozygosity status and presence of specific alleles) and infections with Toxoplasma and Chlamydia, two intracellular pathogens known to cause reproductive failure in ungulates. We showed that Toxoplasma and Chlamydia exposures vary significantly across year and landscape structure with few co-infection events detected, and that the two pathogens act antagonistically on Tlr2 polymorphism. By contrast, we found no evidence of association with Mhc-Drb and a limited support for Tlr heterozygosity advantage. Our study confirmed the importance of looking beyond Mhc genes in wildlife immunogenetic studies. It also emphasized the necessity to consider multiple pathogen challenges and their spatiotemporal variation to improve our understanding of vertebrate defence evolution against pathogens.

scholarly journals Morphometric and Molecular Analyses of Ostertagia leptospicularis Assadov, 1953 from Ruminants: Species Diversity or Host Influence?

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 182
Author(s):  
Anna Wyrobisz-Papiewska ◽  
Jerzy Kowal ◽  
Elżbieta Łopieńska-Biernat ◽  
Paweł Nosal ◽  
Iwona Polak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Species ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Nematode Species ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Morphological Variations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Induced Changes

Ostertagia leptospicularis Assadov, 1953 was formally described in roe deer Capreolus capreolus and has been reported in a wide range of ruminants, including other Cervidae, as well as Bovidae. Nematode specimens derived from various host species exhibit morphological similarity; however, some differences can be observed. It is unclear if this is due to the differential reaction of one nematode species in different host species (i.e., host-induced changes) or because of distinct nematode species in these hosts (i.e., species complex). This paper focuses on specimens resembling O. leptospicularis f. leptospicularis and its closely related species (Ostertagia ostertagi f. ostertagi) collected from various hosts. Morphometric and molecular techniques were applied to assess host-induced changes in nematode morphology and to clarify its systematic classification. There was an overall effect of host species on measurements of nematodes resembling O. leptospicularis (both males and females), but the distinctiveness of the specimens from cattle Bos taurus were highlighted. The results obtained may suggest that the specimens of O. leptospicularis from cattle in Germany and cervids in central Europe belong to different strains. Furthermore, nematodes from the cervid strain appear to circulate within particular host species, which can be seen in the stated morphological variations.

scholarly journals Natural selection acts on Atlantic salmon major histocompatibility (MH) variability in the wild

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1611) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elvira de Eyto ◽  
Philip McGinnity ◽  
Sofia Consuegra ◽  
Jamie Coughlan ◽  
Jarle Tufto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Major Histocompatibility ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Class Ii Alpha

Pathogen-driven balancing selection is thought to maintain polymorphism in major histocompatibility (MH) genes. However, there have been few empirical demonstrations of selection acting on MH loci in natural populations. To determine whether natural selection on MH genes has fitness consequences for wild Atlantic salmon in natural conditions, we compared observed genotype frequencies of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) surviving in a river six months after their introduction as eggs with frequencies expected from parental crosses. We found significant differences between expected and observed genotype frequencies at the MH class II alpha locus, but not at a MH class I-linked microsatellite or at seven non-MH-linked microsatellite loci. We therefore conclude that selection at the MH class II alpha locus was a result of disease-mediated natural selection, rather than any demographic event. We also show that survival was associated with additive allelic effects at the MH class II alpha locus. Our results have implications for both the conservation of wild salmon stocks and the management of disease in hatchery fish. We conclude that natural or hatchery populations have the best chance of dealing with episodic and variable disease challenges if MH genetic variation is preserved both within and among populations.

scholarly journals Wild ungulates in Jordan: past, present, and forthcoming opportunities

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 19338-19351
Author(s):  
Ehab Eid ◽  
David Mallon
Keyword(s):  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wild Ungulates ◽  
Equus Hemionus ◽  
Wild Ass ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Arabian Oryx

Twelve species of ungulates are reported from the wild in Jordan. Three of these, Addax nasomaculatus (Addax), Bos primigenius (Aurochs), and Cervus elaphus (Red Deer) are known only from archaeological excavations. Dama mesopotamica (Mesopotamian Fallow Deer), Oryx leucoryx (Arabian Oryx) and Equus hemionus hemippus (Syrian Wild Ass) have been regionally extirpated in the wild. A semi-captive population of Persian Onager (E. h. hemionus) is held in Shumari Wildlife Reserve. The Arabian Oryx is also managed in semi-captive conditions in two reserves. Except the commonly occurring Wild Boar (Sus scrofa), other surviving ungulate species continue to be under serious threat. Gazella gazella (Palestinian Mountain Gazelle), Capreolus capreolus (European Roe Deer), Gazella marica (Arabian Sand Gazelle), and Gazella dorcas (Dorcas Gazelle) are Critically Endangered, and Capra nubiana (Nubian Ibex) is Endangered in the region. This paper provides a review of the historical and current status of wild ungulates in Jordan, listing the threats and conservation measures and provides recommendations for management and conservation in the future.

Variation in reproduction of a temperate deer, the southern pudu (Pudu puda)

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Fernando Vidal ◽  
Jo Anne M. Smith-Flueck ◽  
Werner T. Flueck ◽  
Luděk Bartoš
Keyword(s):  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Sexual Hormones ◽  
In The Wild

Pudu (Pudu puda), occurring in the southern cone of Latin America, has been classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), yet little is known about this animal in the wild, with most knowledge on the breeding behaviour coming from captive animals. For this second-smallest deer in the world, delayed implantation has been suggested to explain the two peaks in the annual cycle of male sexual hormones on the basis of the accepted tenet that the breeding period occurs only once a year, between March and June. However, in the present study, birth dates from fawns born at the Los Canelos semi-captive breeding centre in Chile and male courting behaviour revealed the possibility of two rutting periods: autumn and spring. To our knowledge, this is the first time that late-fall births (May through early June for 17% of fawns in the study population) have been recorded for the southern pudu; two of these four births were conceived by females in the wild. From zoo and captive-animal birth records (n = 97), only three fawns were born in the fall. For all births combined (n = 121), 77% occurred in spring. The roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Pere David deer (Elaphurus davidianus) have been considered the only two temperate cervids in which sexual activity is initiated by increasing daylength and which breed in early summer. Yet, the present results indicate a similar response from the southern pudu when under a wild or semi-captive environment, with breeding taking place in spring. These results suggest that this species may either have two reproductive periods per year or retains the capacity to be a breeder for a much more extended period of time than documented by earlier studies. Pudu, like other temperate deer, is responsive to photoperiod for timing its breeding period, but may further optimise its production of offspring by also responding to other environmental cues such as seasonal variation in food supply when climatic conditions are favourable.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence of memory-based foraging decisions in a large wild mammal

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan Ranc ◽  
Paul R. Moorcroft ◽  
Federico Ossi ◽  
Francesca Cagnacci
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Distributed Resources ◽  
Movement Model ◽  
Foraging Decisions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractMany animals restrict their movements to a characteristic home range. This pattern of constrained space-use is thought to result from the foraging benefits of memorizing the locations and quality of heterogeneously distributed resources. However, due to the confounding effects of sensory perception, the role of memory in home range movement behavior lacks unequivocal evidence in the wild. Here, we analyze the foraging decisions of a large mammal during a field resource manipulation experiment designed to disentangle the effects of memory and perception. Using a cognitive movement model, we demonstrate that roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) rely on memory, not perception, to track the spatio-temporal dynamics of resources within their home range. Our findings show a memory-based spatial transition model parametrized with experimental data can successfully be used to quantify cognitive processes and to predict how animals respond to resource heterogeneity in space and time.

Enamel Thickness Differs between Field and Forest European Roe Deer Capreolus capreolus

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Jan Demesko ◽  
Marta Kurek ◽  
Patrycja Podlaszczuk ◽  
Janusz Markowski
Keyword(s):  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Enamel Thickness

Backpacking with the Saints

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belden C. Lane
Keyword(s):  
American Southwest ◽  
Spiritual Practice ◽  
Spiritual Journey ◽  
Human Response ◽  
John Muir ◽  
Hildegard Of Bingen ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Thich Nhat Hanh ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
John Of The Cross

Carrying only basic camping equipment and a collection of the world's great spiritual writings, Belden C. Lane embarks on solitary spiritual treks through the Ozarks and across the American Southwest. For companions, he has only such teachers as Rumi, John of the Cross, Hildegard of Bingen, Dag Hammarskjöld, and Thomas Merton, and as he walks, he engages their writings with the natural wonders he encounters--Bell Mountain Wilderness with Søren Kierkegaard, Moonshine Hollow with Thich Nhat Hanh--demonstrating how being alone in the wild opens a rare view onto one's interior landscape, and how the saints' writings reveal the divine in nature. The discipline of backpacking, Lane shows, is a metaphor for a spiritual journey. Just as the wilderness offered revelations to the early Desert Christians, backpacking hones crucial spiritual skills: paying attention, traveling light, practicing silence, and exercising wonder. Lane engages the practice not only with a wide range of spiritual writings--Celtic, Catholic, Protestant, Buddhist, Hindu, and Sufi Muslim--but with the fascination of other lovers of the backcountry, from John Muir and Ed Abbey to Bill Plotkin and Cheryl Strayed. In this intimate and down-to-earth narrative, backpacking is shown to be a spiritual practice that allows the discovery of God amidst the beauty and unexpected terrors of nature. Adoration, Lane suggests, is the most appropriate human response to what we cannot explain, but have nonetheless learned to love. An enchanting narrative for Christians of all denominations, Backpacking with the Saints is an inspiring exploration of how solitude, simplicity, and mindfulness are illuminated and encouraged by the discipline of backcountry wandering, and of how the wilderness itself becomes a way of knowing-an ecology of the soul.

scholarly journals The modular organization of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) body during ontogeny: the effects of sex and habitat

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Milošević-Zlatanović ◽  
Tanja Vukov ◽  
Srđan Stamenković ◽  
Marija Jovanović ◽  
Nataša Tomašević Kolarov
Keyword(s):  
Roe Deer ◽  
Capreolus Capreolus ◽  
Modular Organization

scholarly journals Melanogenesis Connection with Innate Immunity and Toll-Like Receptors

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 9769
Author(s):  
Saaya Koike ◽  
Kenshi Yamasaki
Keyword(s):  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Ultraviolet Rays ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Pigment Formation ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Pigmentary Disorders ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Griscelli Syndrome

The epidermis is located in the outermost layer of the living body and is the place where external stimuli such as ultraviolet rays and microorganisms first come into contact. Melanocytes and melanin play a wide range of roles such as adsorption of metals, thermoregulation, and protection from foreign enemies by camouflage. Pigmentary disorders are observed in diseases associated with immunodeficiency such as Griscelli syndrome, indicating molecular sharing between immune systems and the machineries of pigment formation. Melanocytes express functional toll-like receptors (TLRs), and innate immune stimulation via TLRs affects melanin synthesis and melanosome transport to modulate skin pigmentation. TLR2 enhances melanogenetic gene expression to augment melanogenesis. In contrast, TLR3 increases melanosome transport to transfer to keratinocytes through Rab27A, the responsible molecule of Griscelli syndrome. TLR4 and TLR9 enhance tyrosinase expression and melanogenesis through p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and NFκB signaling pathway, respectively. TLR7 suppresses microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and MITF reduction leads to melanocyte apoptosis. Accumulating knowledge of the TLRs function of melanocytes has enlightened the link between melanogenesis and innate immune system.

scholarly journals Inferring Linkage Disequilibrium Between a Polymorphic Marker Locus and a Trait Locus in Natural Populations

Genetics ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
pp. 457-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z W Luo ◽  
S H Tao ◽  
Z-B Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Disequilibrium ◽  
Allele Frequency ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Polymorphic Marker ◽  
Marker Locus ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Trait Locus

Abstract Three approaches are proposed in this study for detecting or estimating linkage disequilibrium between a polymorphic marker locus and a locus affecting quantitative genetic variation using the sample from random mating populations. It is shown that the disequilibrium over a wide range of circumstances may be detected with a power of 80% by using phenotypic records and marker genotypes of a few hundred individuals. Comparison of ANOVA and regression methods in this article to the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) shows that, given the genetic variance explained by the trait locus, the power of TDT depends on the trait allele frequency, whereas the power of ANOVA and regression analyses is relatively independent from the allelic frequency. The TDT method is more powerful when the trait allele frequency is low, but much less powerful when it is high. The likelihood analysis provides reliable estimation of the model parameters when the QTL variance is at least 10% of the phenotypic variance and the sample size of a few hundred is used. Potential use of these estimates in mapping the trait locus is also discussed.

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