scholarly journals Simultaneous mesoscopic Ca2+ imaging and fMRI: Neuroimaging spanning spatiotemporal scales

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn MR Lake ◽  
Xinxin Ge ◽  
Xilin Shen ◽  
Peter Herman ◽  
Fahmeed Hyder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Optical Measurements ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Transgenic Murine Model ◽  
Spatiotemporal Scales

ABSTRACTTo achieve a more comprehensive understanding of brain function requires simultaneous measurement of activity across a range of spatiotemporal scales. However, the appropriate tools to perform such studies are largely unavailable. Here, we present a novel approach for concurrent wide-field optical and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). By merging these two modalities, we are for the first time able to simultaneously acquire whole-brain blood-oxygen-level-dependent and whole-cortex calcium-sensitive fluorescent measures of brain activity. We describe the developments that allow us to combine these modalities without compromising the fidelity of either technique. In a transgenic murine model, we examine correspondences between activity measured using these modalities and identify unique and complementary features of each. Our approach links cell-type specific optical measurements of neural activity to the most widely used method for assessing human brain function. These data and approach directly establish the neural basis for the macroscopic connectivity patterns observed with fMRI.

scholarly journals The processing of color preference in the brain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Racey ◽  
Anna Franklin ◽  
Chris M. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Color Preference ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Color Preferences ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
Automatic Encoding ◽  
The Brain

AbstractDecades of research has established that humans have preferences for some colors (e.g., blue) and a dislike of others (e.g., dark chartreuse), with preference varying systematically with variation in hue (e.g., Hurlbert & Owen, 2015). Here, we used functional MRI to investigate why humans have likes and dislikes for simple patches of color, and to understand the neural basis of preference, aesthetics and value judgements more generally. We looked for correlations of a behavioural measure of color preference with the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response when participants performed an irrelevant orientation judgement task on colored squares. A whole brain analysis found a significant correlation between BOLD activity and color preference in the posterior midline cortex (PMC), centred on the precuneus but extending into the adjacent posterior cingulate and cuneus. These results demonstrate that brain activity is modulated by color preference, even when such preferences are irrelevant to the ongoing task the participants are engaged. They also suggest that color preferences automatically influence our processing of the visual world. Interestingly, the effect in the PMC overlaps with regions identified in neuroimaging studies of preference and value judgements of other types of stimuli. Therefore, our findings extends this literature to show that the PMC is related to automatic encoding of subjective value even for basic visual features such as color.

scholarly journals Distinct patterns of brain activity in young carriers of theAPOE-ε4 allele

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (17) ◽  
pp. 7209-7214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Filippini ◽  
Bradley J. MacIntosh ◽  
Morgan G. Hough ◽  
Guy M. Goodwin ◽  
Giovanni B. Frisoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Ε4 Allele ◽  
Brain Changes ◽  
Age Range

TheAPOEε4 allele is a risk factor for late-life pathological changes that is also associated with anatomical and functional brain changes in middle-aged and elderly healthy subjects. We investigated structural and functional effects of theAPOEpolymorphism in 18 young healthyAPOEε4-carriers and 18 matched noncarriers (age range: 20–35 years). Brain activity was studied both at rest and during an encoding memory paradigm using blood oxygen level-dependent fMRI. Resting fMRI revealed increased “default mode network” (involving retrosplenial, medial temporal, and medial-prefrontal cortical areas) coactivation in ε4-carriers relative to noncarriers. The encoding task produced greater hippocampal activation in ε4-carriers relative to noncarriers. Neither result could be explained by differences in memory performance, brain morphology, or resting cerebral blood flow. TheAPOEε4 allele modulates brain function decades before any clinical or neurophysiological expression of neurodegenerative processes.

scholarly journals Brain reactivity using fMRI to insomnia stimuli in insomnia patients with discrepancy between subjective and objective sleep

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Bo Kim ◽  
Nambeom Kim ◽  
Jae Jun Lee ◽  
Seo-Eun Cho ◽  
Kyoung-Sae Na ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cognitive Distortion ◽  
Sleep Diary ◽  
Bold Signal ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Sleep Deficit ◽  
Perception Of Sleep

AbstractSubjective–objective discrepancy of sleep (SODS) might be related to the distorted perception of sleep deficit and hypersensitivity to insomnia-related stimuli. We investigated differences in brain activation to insomnia-related stimuli among insomnia patients with SODS (SODS group), insomnia patients without SODS (NOSODS group), and healthy controls (HC). Participants were evaluated for subjective and objective sleep using sleep diary and polysomnography. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted during the presentation of insomnia-related (Ins), general anxiety-inducing (Gen), and neutral (Neu) stimuli. Brain reactivity to the contrast of Ins vs. Neu and Gen vs. Neu was compared among the SODS (n = 13), NOSODS (n = 15), and HC (n = 16) groups. In the SODS group compared to other groups, brain areas including the left fusiform, bilateral precuneus, right superior frontal gyrus, genu of corpus callosum, and bilateral anterior corona radiata showed significantly increased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in the contrast of Ins vs. Neu. There was no brain region with significantly increased BOLD signal in the Gen vs. Neu contrast in the group comparisons. Increased brain activity to insomnia-related stimuli in several brain regions of the SODS group is likely due to these individuals being more sensitive to sleep-related threat and negative cognitive distortion toward insomnia.

scholarly journals Neural correlates of the LSD experience revealed by multimodal neuroimaging

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (17) ◽  
pp. 4853-4858 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin L. Carhart-Harris ◽  
Suresh Muthukumaraswamy ◽  
Leor Roseman ◽  
Mendel Kaelen ◽  
Wouter Droog ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Retrosplenial Cortex ◽  
Alpha Power ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Psychedelic Drugs ◽  
Cortex Cérébral ◽  
Intrinsic Brain Activity

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is the prototypical psychedelic drug, but its effects on the human brain have never been studied before with modern neuroimaging. Here, three complementary neuroimaging techniques: arterial spin labeling (ASL), blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) measures, and magnetoencephalography (MEG), implemented during resting state conditions, revealed marked changes in brain activity after LSD that correlated strongly with its characteristic psychological effects. Increased visual cortex cerebral blood flow (CBF), decreased visual cortex alpha power, and a greatly expanded primary visual cortex (V1) functional connectivity profile correlated strongly with ratings of visual hallucinations, implying that intrinsic brain activity exerts greater influence on visual processing in the psychedelic state, thereby defining its hallucinatory quality. LSD’s marked effects on the visual cortex did not significantly correlate with the drug’s other characteristic effects on consciousness, however. Rather, decreased connectivity between the parahippocampus and retrosplenial cortex (RSC) correlated strongly with ratings of “ego-dissolution” and “altered meaning,” implying the importance of this particular circuit for the maintenance of “self” or “ego” and its processing of “meaning.” Strong relationships were also found between the different imaging metrics, enabling firmer inferences to be made about their functional significance. This uniquely comprehensive examination of the LSD state represents an important advance in scientific research with psychedelic drugs at a time of growing interest in their scientific and therapeutic value. The present results contribute important new insights into the characteristic hallucinatory and consciousness-altering properties of psychedelics that inform on how they can model certain pathological states and potentially treat others.

scholarly journals Rewarding Feedback After Correct Visual Discriminations Has Both General and Specific Influences on Visual Cortex

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 1746-1757 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Weil ◽  
N. Furl ◽  
C. C. Ruff ◽  
M. Symmonds ◽  
G. Flandin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimuli ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Correct Performance ◽  
Visual Events ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Time Point

Reward can influence visual performance, but the neural basis of this effect remains poorly understood. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how rewarding feedback affected activity in distinct areas of human visual cortex, separating rewarding feedback events after correct performance from preceding visual events. Participants discriminated oriented gratings in either hemifield, receiving auditory feedback at trial end that signaled financial reward after correct performance. Greater rewards improved performance for all but the most difficult trials. Rewarding feedback increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals in striatum and orbitofrontal cortex. It also increased BOLD signals in visual areas beyond retinotopic cortex, but not in primary visual cortex representing the judged stimuli. These modulations were seen at a time point in which no visual stimuli were presented or expected, demonstrating a novel type of activity change in visual cortex that cannot reflect modulation of response to incoming or anticipated visual stimuli. Rewarded trials led on the next trial to improved performance and enhanced visual activity contralateral to the judged stimulus, for retinotopic representations of the judged visual stimuli in V1. Our findings distinguish general effects in nonretinotopic visual cortex when receiving rewarding feedback after correct performance from consequences of reward for spatially specific responses in V1.

Differential neural correlates of reciprocal activation and cocontraction control in dorsal and ventral premotor cortices

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Haruno ◽  
Gowrishankar Ganesh ◽  
Etienne Burdet ◽  
Mitsuo Kawato
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Dorsal Premotor Cortex ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Efficient Control ◽  
Dependent Activity ◽  
The Brain

Efficient control of reciprocal activation and cocontraction of the muscles are critical to perform skillful actions with suitable force and impedance. However, it remains unclear how the brain controls force and impedance while recruiting the same set of muscles as actuators. Does control take place at the single muscle level leading to force and impedance, or are there higher-order centers dedicated to controlling force and impedance? We addressed this question using functional MRI during voluntary isometric wrist contractions with online electromyogram feedback. Comparison of the brain activity between the conditions requiring control of either wrist torque or cocontraction demonstrates that blood oxygen level-dependent activity in the caudo-dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) correlates well with torque, whereas the activity in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv) correlates well with the level of cocontraction. This suggests distinct roles of the PMd and PMv in the voluntary control of reciprocal activation and cocontraction of muscles, respectively.

scholarly journals The Significance of Echo Time in fMRI BOLD Contrast: A Clinical Study during Motor and Visual Activation Tasks at 1.5 T

Tomography ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-343
Author(s):  
Themistoklis Boursianis ◽  
Georgios Kalaitzakis ◽  
Katerina Nikiforaki ◽  
Emmanouela Kosteletou ◽  
Despina Antypa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gray Matter ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Specific Sequence ◽  
Visual Cortices ◽  
Echo Time ◽  
Sequence Parameters ◽  
Larger Sample

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) is a commonly-used MR imaging technique in studying brain function. The BOLD signal can be strongly affected by specific sequence parameters, especially in small field strengths. Previous small-scale studies have investigated the effect of TE on BOLD contrast. This study evaluates the dependence of fMRI results on echo time (TE) during concurrent activation of the visual and motor cortex at 1.5 T in a larger sample of 21 healthy volunteers. The experiment was repeated using two different TE values (50 and 70 ms) in counterbalanced order. Furthermore, T2* measurements of the gray matter were performed. Results indicated that both peak beta value and number of voxels were significantly higher using TE = 70 than TE = 50 ms in primary motor, primary somatosensory and supplementary motor cortices (p < 0.007). In addition, the amplitude of activation in visual cortices and the dorsal premotor area was also higher using TE = 70 ms (p < 0.001). Gray matter T2* of the corresponding areas did not vary significantly. In conclusion, the optimal TE value (among the two studied) for visual and motor activity is 70 ms affecting both the amplitude and extent of regional hemodynamic activation.

scholarly journals Test-retest stability analysis of resting brain activity revealed by blood oxygen level-dependent functional MRI

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 344-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengjun Li ◽  
Aniseh Kadivar ◽  
John Pluta ◽  
John Dunlop ◽  
Ze Wang
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Functional Mri ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level
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