scholarly journals Neural circuitry of dialects through social learning in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balint Z Kacsoh ◽  
Julianna Bozler ◽  
Sassan Hodge ◽  
Giovanni Bosco
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Odorant Receptor ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Motion Cues ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Drosophila Brain ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Partial Communication ◽  
Structure Communication

AbstractDrosophila species communicate the presence of parasitoid wasps to naïve individuals. This observation suggests a rudimentary Drosophila social structure. Communication between closely related species is efficient, while more distantly related species exhibit a dampened, partial communication. Partial communication between some species is enhanced following a period of cohabitation, suggesting that species-specific variations in communication “dialects” can be learned through social interactions. However, it remains unclear as to how the behavioral acquisition and how learning dialects is facilitated by distinct brain regions. In this study, we have identified six regions of the Drosophila brain essential for dialect learning, including the odorant receptor Or69a. Furthermore, we pinpoint subgroups of neurons such as motion detecting neurons in the optic lobe, layer 5 of the fan-shaped body, and the D glomerulus in the antennal lobe, where activation of each are necessary for dialect learning. These results demonstrate that Drosophila can display complex social behaviors with inputs to multiple regions of the Drosophila brain and unique subsets of neurons that must integrate olfactory, visual and motion cues.

scholarly journals Repeated evolution of asymmetric genitalia and right-sided mating behavior in theDrosophila nannopteraspecies group

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Acurio ◽  
Flor T. Rhebergen ◽  
Sarah Paulus ◽  
Virginie Courtier-Orgogozo ◽  
Michael Lang
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Current Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genital Morphology ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Outgroup Species ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Drosophila Pachea ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Group Species

AbstractBackgroundMale genitals have repeatedly evolved left-right asymmetries, and the causes of such evolution remain unclear. TheDrosophila nannopteragroup contains four species, among which three exhibit left-right asymmetries of distinct genital organs. In the most studied species,Drosophila pachea, males display asymmetric genital lobes and they mate right-sided on top of the female. Copulation position of the other species is unknown.ResultsTo assess whether the evolution of genital asymmetry could be linked to the evolution of one-sided mating, we examined phallus morphology and copulation position inD. pacheaand closely related species. The phallus was found to be symmetric in all investigated species exceptD. pachea, which display an asymmetric phallus with a right-sided gonopore, andD. acanthoptera, which harbor an asymmetrically bent phallus. In all examined species, males were found to position themselves symmetrically on top of the female, except inD. pacheaandD. nannoptera, where males mated right-sided, in distinctive, species-specific positions. In addition, the copulation duration was found to be increased innannopteragroup species compared to closely related outgroup species.ConclusionOur study shows that gains, and possibly losses, of asymmetry in genital morphology and mating position have evolved repeatedly in thenannopteragroup. Current data does not allow us to conclude whether genital asymmetry has evolved in response to changes in mating position, or vice versa.

Altitudinal Variation in, and Morphological Divergence between, Three Related Species of Grasshopper, Praxibulus sp., Kosciuscola cognatus and K. usitatus (Orthoptera:Acrididae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Campbell ◽  
JM Dearn
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Altitudinal Variation ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Parallel Change ◽  
Variable Character ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Approach ◽  
Species Specific

Morphological variation between and within the closely related species Praxibuius sp.. Kosciuscola cognatus and K. usiratus has been examined along three independent altitudinal transects, by a multivariate statistical approach. The analyses, which were restricted to males. show that there is complete morphological separation between the three species. Moreover. there are species-specific patterns of character correlation which are consistent and relatively invariant within species, and do not exhibit altitudinal variation. The results suggest that there exist both distinct invariant species-specific character patterns and variable character patterns showing intraspecific variation. It is concluded that speciation in these grasshoppers could have involved genetic changes quite distinct from those involved in local intraspecific adaptation. Two further results are: first. evidence has been obtained for character displacement between Kosciuscola cognaius and Praxibulus sp. in an area of extensive sympatry: second. populations of K. cognatus along one transect, with a karyotype intermediate between typical K. cognatus and X usiiatus, show a parallel change in morphology towards that characteristic of K. usiiatus.

Review of the leafhopper genus Anaceratagallia Zachvatkin, 1946 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Megophthalminae: Agalliini) from Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia

Zootaxa ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4821 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-276
Author(s):  
DMITRI YU. TISHECHKIN
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Male Genitalia ◽  
Comparative Investigation ◽  
Allopatric Speciation ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Male Calling ◽  
Species Specific

In Russia, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia the genus Anaceratagallia includes 14 species from two subgenera; all species except one belong to the nominotypical subgenus and can be classified into four groups according to the structure of male genitalia. The illustrated descriptions for all species are given, with male calling signal oscillograms provided for nine species. Ten new synonyms are established. Comparative investigation of morphological and acoustic characters of Anaceratagallia species showed that small differences in the structure of male genitalia and 2nd abdominal apodemes are not species-specific traits. All species studied in nature appeared to be polyphagous feeding on different species of herbaceous dicotyledons. It is assumed that closely related species within each group of the subgenus Anaceratagallia arose as a result of allopatric speciation and became secondarily sympatric due to subsequent range expansions.

scholarly journals Different functions for homologous serotonergic interneurons and serotonin in species-specific rhythmic behaviours

2008 ◽  
Vol 276 (1654) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Newcomb ◽  
Paul S Katz
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Motor Pattern ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Pattern Generator ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Serotonin Antagonist ◽  
Tritonia Diomedea ◽  
Specific Behaviour ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Closely related species can exhibit different behaviours despite homologous neural substrates. The nudibranch molluscs Tritonia diomedea and Melibe leonina swim differently, yet their nervous systems contain homologous serotonergic neurons. In Tritonia , the dorsal swim interneurons (DSIs) are members of the swim central pattern generator (CPG) and their neurotransmitter serotonin is both necessary and sufficient to elicit a swim motor pattern. Here it is shown that the DSI homologues in Melibe , the cerebral serotonergic posterior-A neurons ( Ce SP-As), are extrinsic to the swim CPG, and that neither the Ce SP-As nor their neurotransmitter serotonin is necessary for swim motor pattern initiation, which occurred when the Ce SP-As were inactive. Furthermore, the serotonin antagonist methysergide blocked the effects of both the serotonin and Ce SP-As but did not prevent the production of a swim motor pattern. However, the Ce SP-As and serotonin could influence the Melibe swim circuit; depolarization of a cerebral serotonergic posterior-A was sufficient to initiate a swim motor pattern and hyperpolarization of a Ce SP-A temporarily halted an ongoing swim motor pattern. Serotonin itself was sufficient to initiate a swim motor pattern or make an ongoing swim motor pattern more regular. Thus, evolution of species-specific behaviour involved alterations in the functions of identified homologous neurons and their neurotransmitter.

scholarly journals Identification of CITES-Listed Euphorbia royleana through DNA Barcoding Technology: A New Facet in Wildlife Forensics

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-272
Author(s):  
Mukesh Thakar ◽  
Tina Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Distance ◽  
Dna Barcoding ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Wildlife Forensics ◽  
Interspecific Genetic Distance ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Endangered Status ◽  
Discrimination Method

Disorganized and chaotic collection of the Euphorbia plant species from the wild is one of the major reasons for its endangered status. According to CITES, the trade in Euphorbia royleana species is prohibited under Appendix II. However, the trade continues unabated as current identification methods do not discriminate between closely related species.  In the present study, a DNA barcoding method has been used to establish inter- and intra-specific divergences of both matK and rbcL regions by using pairwise genetic distance measurement methods for evaluating the maximum barcoding gap. The matk and rbcL yielded a 100% amplification and sequencing success rate to distinguish closely related species of Euphorbia royleana unambiguously. The matk and rbcL showed average interspecific genetic distance divergence values of 0.031and 0.015, respectively. The maximum number of species-specific SNPs was observed in matK sequences at seven consecutive sites, which could distinguish Euphorbia royleana from closely related species.  The best candidate barcoding region to identify Euphorbia royleana was found to be matK with a single-locus barcoding approach. Furthermore, the species discrimination method was developed with the help of species-specific SNPs derived from the matK barcoding region to accurately authenticate Euphorbia royleana, and it provided 100% species resolution

scholarly journals Genes and smells

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Keller
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Odorant Receptor ◽  
Gene Duplications ◽  
Duplicated Genes ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Human Genomes ◽  
Or Genes

The recently sequenced genomes of several vertebrate species revealed large differences between the odorant receptor (OR) repertoires of even closely related species. These differences are a consequence of frequent gene duplications and subsequent mutations of duplicated genes. The same mechanisms are at work within a species, and different human genomes therefore show an unparalleled variability in the number and sequence of OR genes. Recent research has started to explore the consequences of this genetic variability for how we perceive odours.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of circular RNAs in primates

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Santos-Rodriguez ◽  
Irina Voineagu ◽  
Robert James Weatheritt
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Primate Evolution ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Organ Type ◽  
Species Specific

Many primate genes produce circular RNAs (circRNAs). However, the extent of circRNA conservation between closely related species remains unclear. By comparing tissue-specific transcriptomes across over 70 million years of primate evolution, we identify that within 3 million years circRNA expression profiles diverged such that they are more related to species identity than organ type. However, our analysis also revealed a subset of circRNAs with conserved neural expression across tens of millions of years of evolution. By comparing to species-specific circRNAs, we identified that the downstream intron of the conserved circRNAs display a dramatic lengthening during evolution due to the insertion of novel retrotransposons. Our work provides comparative analyses of the mechanisms promoting circRNAs to generate increased transcriptomic complexity in primates.

ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS OF EGG PROTEINS FROM SEVERAL INSECT TAXA

1969 ◽  
Vol 101 (12) ◽  
pp. 1256-1265 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. Salkeld
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Congeneric Species ◽  
Protein Patterns ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns ◽  
Phylogenetic Studies ◽  
Egg Protein ◽  
Family Resemblances ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractEgg-protein patterns from 23 insect species representing seven orders were obtained by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The patterns were species specific and highly reproducible. Those for congeneric species were very similar and family resemblances were apparent. The usefulness of egg-protein patterns in phylogenetic studies and in the analysis of closely related species was suggested.

Development of a Reference Standard Library of Chloroplast Genome Sequences, GenomeTrakrCP

Planta Medica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (18) ◽  
pp. 1420-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Zhang ◽  
Padmini Ramachandran ◽  
Jun Wen ◽  
James Duke ◽  
Helen Metzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Chloroplast Genome ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Chloroplast Genomes ◽  
Processed Products ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Close Relatives

AbstractPrecise, species-level identification of plants in foods and dietary supplements is difficult. While the use of DNA barcoding regions (short regions of DNA with diagnostic utility) has been effective for many inquiries, it is not always a robust approach for closely related species, especially in highly processed products. The use of fully sequenced chloroplast genomes, as an alternative to short diagnostic barcoding regions, has demonstrated utility for closely related species. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has also developed species-specific DNA-based assays targeting plant species of interest by utilizing chloroplast genome sequences. Here, we introduce a repository of complete chloroplast genome sequences called GenomeTrakrCP, which will be publicly available at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Target species for inclusion are plants found in foods and dietary supplements, toxin producers, common contaminants and adulterants, and their close relatives. Publicly available data will include annotated assemblies, raw sequencing data, and voucher information with each NCBI accession associated with an authenticated reference herbarium specimen. To date, 40 complete chloroplast genomes have been deposited in GenomeTrakrCP (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA325670/), and this will be expanded in the future.

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