scholarly journals Müllerian mimicry in bumble bees is a transient continuum

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briana D. Ezray ◽  
Drew C. Wham ◽  
Carrie Hill ◽  
Heather M. Hines
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bumble Bees ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Müllerian Mimicry ◽  
Active Selection ◽  
Mullerian Mimicry ◽  
Colour Patterns

AbstractMüllerian mimicry theory states that frequency dependent selection should favour geographic convergence of harmful species onto a shared colour pattern. As such, mimetic patterns are commonly circumscribed into discrete mimicry complexes each containing a predominant phenotype. Outside a few examples in butterflies, the location of transition zones between mimicry complexes and the factors driving them has rarely been examined. To infer the patterns and processes of Müllerian mimicry, we integrate large-scale data on the geographic distribution of colour patterns of all social bumble bees across the contiguous United States and use these to quantify colour pattern mimicry using an innovative machine learning approach based on computer vision and image recognition. Our data suggests that bumble bees exhibit a manifold of similar, but imperfect colour patterns, that continuously transition across the United States, supporting the idea that mimicry is not discrete. We propose that bumble bees are mimicking a perceptual colour pattern average that is evolutionarily transient. We examine three comimicking polymorphic species,Bombus flavifrons, B. melanopygus,andB. bifarius, where active selection is driving colour pattern frequencies and determine that their colour pattern transition zones differ in location and breadth within a broad region of poor mimicry. Furthermore, we explore factors driving these differences such as mimicry selection dynamics and climate.

scholarly journals Unsupervised machine learning reveals mimicry complexes in bumblebees occur along a perceptual continuum

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1910) ◽  
pp. 20191501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briana D. Ezray ◽  
Drew C. Wham ◽  
Carrie E. Hill ◽  
Heather M. Hines
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Unsupervised Machine Learning ◽  
Transition Zones ◽  
Müllerian Mimicry ◽  
Active Selection ◽  
Mullerian Mimicry ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Patterns And Processes

Müllerian mimicry theory states that frequency-dependent selection should favour geographical convergence of harmful species onto a shared colour pattern. As such, mimetic patterns are commonly circumscribed into discrete mimicry complexes, each containing a predominant phenotype. Outside a few examples in butterflies, the location of transition zones between mimicry complexes and the factors driving mimicry zones has rarely been examined. To infer the patterns and processes of Müllerian mimicry, we integrate large-scale data on the geographical distribution of colour patterns of social bumblebees across the contiguous United States and use these to quantify colour pattern mimicry using an innovative, unsupervised machine-learning approach based on computer vision. Our data suggest that bumblebees exhibit geographically clustered, but sometimes imperfect colour patterns, and that mimicry patterns gradually transition spatially rather than exhibit discrete boundaries. Additionally, examination of colour pattern transition zones of three comimicking, polymorphic species, where active selection is driving phenotype frequencies, revealed that their transition zones differ in location within a broad region of poor mimicry. Potential factors influencing mimicry transition zone dynamics are discussed.

scholarly journals Locomotor mimicry in Heliconius butterflies: contrast analyses of flight morphology and kinematics

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1380) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Srygley
Keyword(s):  
Wing Length ◽  
Beat Frequency ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Wing Shape ◽  
The Body ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Müllerian Mimicry ◽  
Flight Morphology ◽  
Mullerian Mimicry ◽  
Colour Patterns

Müllerian mimicry is a mutualism involving the evolutionary convergence of colour patterns of prey on a warning signal to predators. Behavioural mimicry presumably adds complexity to the signal and makes it more difficult for Batesian mimics to parasitize it. To date, no one has quantified behavioural mimicry in Müllerian mimicry groups. However, morphological similarities among members of mimicry groups suggested that pitching oscillations of the body and wing–beat frequency (WBF) might converge with colour pattern. I compared the morphology and kinematics of four Heliconius species, which comprised two mimicry pairs. Because the mimics arose from two distinct lineages, the relative contributions of mimicry and phylogeny to variation in the species' morphologies and kinematics were examined. The positions of the centre of body mass and centre of wing mass and wing shape diverged among species within lineages, and converged among species within mimicry groups. WBF converged within mimicry groups, and it was coupled with body pitching frequency. However, body–pitching frequency was too variable to distinguish mimicry groups. Convergence in WBF may be due, at least in part, to biomechanical consequences of similarities in wing length, wing shape or the centre of wing mass among co–mimics. Nevertheless, convergence in WBF among passion–vine butterflies serves as the first evidence of behavioural mimicry in a mutualistic context.

scholarly journals Uncovering the effects of Müllerian mimicry on the evolution of conspicuousness in colour patterns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ombeline Sculfort ◽  
Ludovic Maisonneuve ◽  
Marianne Elias ◽  
Thomas G. Aubier ◽  
Violaine Llaurens
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Warning Coloration ◽  
Local Composition ◽  
Müllerian Mimicry ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Mullerian Mimicry ◽  
Colour Patterns ◽  
Number Of Individuals

AbstractThe conspicuousness of colour pattern in defended species associates with a high detectability by predators, making its evolution puzzling. Müllerian mimicry, the convergence of warning coloration among defended prey species, is pervasive in communities of conspicuous prey, and mimicry switches, with mutant individuals having the same colour pattern as other co-mimetic species, may often associate with changes in conspicuousness. Yet, the implication of mimicry for the evolution of conspicuousness has not been considered. Here, we build a model describing the population dynamics of conspicuous defended prey to explore the invasion conditions of mutants that differ from other individuals by their conspicuousness. We assume that predation risk depends not only on the number of individuals sharing a given colour pattern within the population but also on the presence of co-mimetic species. We compare the evolutionary fates of mutant colour patterns (1) that are similar to the ancestral colour pattern and thus belong to the same mimicry ring (assemblage of co-mimetic species), or (2) that are different from the ancestral colour pattern and thus potentially belong to a distinct mimicry ring. Our analytical derivations show that (1) less conspicuous colour patterns are more likely to be selected within mimicry ring, and that (2) a mimicry switch lowering predation risk can promote the invasion of a more conspicuous colour pattern. We thus highlight that the variation in conspicuousness observed in the wild results not only from the characteristics of the colour pattern (detectability, salience) but also from the local composition of mimetic communities.

Quality Control of Data in a Large-Scale Cancer Register Program

1966 ◽  
Vol 05 (02) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. I. Lourie ◽  
W. Haenszeland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Cancer Register ◽  
Independent Review ◽  
End Results

Quality control of data collected in the United States by the Cancer End Results Program utilizing punchcards prepared by participating registries in accordance with a Uniform Punchcard Code is discussed. Existing arrangements decentralize responsibility for editing and related data processing to the local registries with centralization of tabulating and statistical services in the End Results Section, National Cancer Institute. The most recent deck of punchcards represented over 600,000 cancer patients; approximately 50,000 newly diagnosed cases are added annually.Mechanical editing and inspection of punchcards and field audits are the principal tools for quality control. Mechanical editing of the punchcards includes testing for blank entries and detection of in-admissable or inconsistent codes. Highly improbable codes are subjected to special scrutiny. Field audits include the drawing of a 1-10 percent random sample of punchcards submitted by a registry; the charts are .then reabstracted and recoded by a NCI staff member and differences between the punchcard and the results of independent review are noted.

Utopias of One

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Kotin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
World War I ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Original Research ◽  
The Soviet Union

This book is a new account of utopian writing. It examines how eight writers—Henry David Thoreau, W. E. B. Du Bois, Osip and Nadezhda Mandel'shtam, Anna Akhmatova, Wallace Stevens, Ezra Pound, and J. H. Prynne—construct utopias of one within and against modernity's two large-scale attempts to harmonize individual and collective interests: liberalism and communism. The book begins in the United States between the buildup to the Civil War and the end of Jim Crow; continues in the Soviet Union between Stalinism and the late Soviet period; and concludes in England and the United States between World War I and the end of the Cold War. In this way it captures how writers from disparate geopolitical contexts resist state and normative power to construct perfect worlds—for themselves alone. The book contributes to debates about literature and politics, presenting innovative arguments about aesthetic difficulty, personal autonomy, and complicity and dissent. It models a new approach to transnational and comparative scholarship, combining original research in English and Russian to illuminate more than a century and a half of literary and political history.

Situational Breakdowns

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Nassauer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Contextual Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Outcomes ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Collective Decisions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This book provides an account of how and why routine interactions break down and how such situational breakdowns lead to protest violence and other types of surprising social outcomes. It takes a close-up look at the dynamic processes of how situations unfold and compares their role to that of motivations, strategies, and other contextual factors. The book discusses factors that can draw us into violent situations and describes how and why we make uncommon individual and collective decisions. Covering different types of surprise outcomes from protest marches and uprisings turning violent to robbers failing to rob a store at gunpoint, it shows how unfolding situations can override our motivations and strategies and how emotions and culture, as well as rational thinking, still play a part in these events. The first chapters study protest violence in Germany and the United States from 1960 until 2010, taking a detailed look at what happens between the start of a protest and the eruption of violence or its peaceful conclusion. They compare the impact of such dynamics to the role of police strategies and culture, protesters’ claims and violent motivations, the black bloc and agents provocateurs. The analysis shows how violence is triggered, what determines its intensity, and which measures can avoid its outbreak. The book explores whether we find similar situational patterns leading to surprising outcomes in other types of small- and large-scale events: uprisings turning violent, such as Ferguson in 2014 and Baltimore in 2015, and failed armed store robberies.

Ban Ki-moon, 2007–2016

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Gowan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cautious Approach ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Council Decision ◽  
The Face

During Ban Ki-moon’s tenure, the Security Council was shaken by P5 divisions over Kosovo, Georgia, Libya, Syria, and Ukraine. Yet it also continued to mandate and sustain large-scale peacekeeping operations in Africa, placing major burdens on the UN Secretariat. The chapter will argue that Ban initially took a cautious approach to controversies with the Council, and earned a reputation for excessive passivity in the face of crisis and deference to the United States. The second half of the chapter suggests that Ban shifted to a more activist pressure as his tenure went on, pressing the Council to act in cases including Côte d’Ivoire, Libya, and Syria. The chapter will argue that Ban had only a marginal impact on Council decision-making, even though he made a creditable effort to speak truth to power over cases such as the Central African Republic (CAR), challenging Council members to live up to their responsibilities.

scholarly journals 1068. Large-Scale Migration and the Changing Viral Hepatitis Prevalences in North America: A modeling approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S563-S563
Author(s):  
Kenneth A Valles ◽  
Lewis R Roberts
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
High Volume ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Treatment Programs

Abstract Background Infection by hepatitis B and C viruses causes inflammation of the liver and can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The WHO’s ambition to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030 requires strategies specific to the dynamic disease profiles each nation faces. Large-scale human movement from high-prevalence nations to the United States and Canada have altered the disease landscape, likely warranting adjustments to present elimination approaches. However, the nature and magnitude of the new disease burden remains unknown. This study aims to generate a modeled estimate of recent HBV and HCV prevalence changes to the United States and Canada due to migration. Methods Total migrant populations from 2010-2019 were obtained from United Nations Migrant Stock database. Country-of-origin HBV and HCV prevalences were obtained for the select 40 country-of-origin nations from the Polaris Observatory and systematic reviews. A standard pivot table was used to evaluate the disease contribution from and to each nation. Disease progression estimates were generated using the American Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines and outcome data. Results Between 2010 and 2019, 7,676,937 documented migrants arrived in US and Canada from the selected high-volume nations. Primary migrant source regions were East Asia and Latin America. Combined, an estimated 878,995 migrants were HBV positive, and 226,428 HCV positive. The majority of both migrants (6,477,506) and new viral hepatitis cases (HBV=840,315 and HCV=215,359) were found in the United States. The largest source of HBV cases stemmed from the Philippines, and HCV cases from El Salvador. Conclusion Massive human movement has significantly changed HBV and HCV disease burdens in both the US and Canada over the past decade and the long-term outcomes of cirrhosis and HCC are also expected to increase. These increases are likely to disproportionally impact individuals of the migrant and refugee communities and screening and treatment programs must be strategically adjusted in order to reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenses. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

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