Household socio-economic status and likelihood of HIV infection among under five-year children in Muheza district, north-eastern Tanzania

AbstractBackgroundThere are evidences of the association between socio-economic factors and HIV prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is dearth of information on such relationship in Tanzania. Here, we present data on the relationship between household’s socio-economic factors and HIV prevalence among under five-year children in Muheza district, Tanzania.MethodsWe conducted a facility-based study from June 2015 to June 2016 in which we enrolled under five-year children born to HIV positive mothers. Information on HIV status of the child and socio-demographic characteristic of the head of the household was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using STATA version 13.0.ResultsA total of 576 mothers/guardians were interviewed each with respective HIV exposed under five-year child. Children who belonged to a head of household with at least a high education level (AOR= 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8) and living in a relatively wealthy household (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-0.9) was associated with reduced odds of HIV infection among children. Univariate analysis revealed that the odds of HIV infection was three-fold (COR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.0) higher among children living in rural than in urban areas. The heads of household living in rural areas (AOR=0.3 95% CI 0.1-0.9) had low education level compared to those living in urban areas.ConclusionChildren who belong to the head of households with high educational level, high household wealth were associated with reduced likelihood of HIV infection in Tanzania. Children living in rural areas had increased likelihood of acquiring HIV infection. These findings stress the need to focus on improving education status of the population and economically disadvantaged populations as a strategy for HIV prevention and control measures.

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Menstrual knowledge and perceptions of schoolgirls in Bangladesh: do socio-economic factors really matter?

International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare ◽

10.1108/ijhrh-07-2021-0145 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Gulsan Ara Parvin ◽

Nina Takashino ◽

Md. Shahidul Islam ◽

Md. Habibur Rahman ◽

Md. Anwarul Abedin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Family Income ◽

Policy Formulation ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Content Type ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Professional Occupation ◽

Menstrual Knowledge ◽

Socio Economic Factors

Purpose This study aims to explore whether socio-economic factors determine the level of menstrual knowledge and perceptions of schoolgirls in Bangladesh. The aim of this study is to understand how knowledge and perceptions vary with variations in the different socio-economic factors in a schoolgirl’s life such as place of residence, religion, age, grade, parents’ education, parents’ occupation, family income and even family size. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from four schools (two in urban areas and two in rural areas). A total of 450 schoolgirls from grades V–X were interviewed to examine how knowledge and perceptions varied with different socio-economic aspects. Multiple logistic regression models were used to measure the associations between various socio-economic variables and perceptions of and knowledge about menstruation. Findings Respondents from urban areas were 4.75 times more likely and those 14–16 years old were two times more likely to report higher levels of knowledge about menstruation compared to their counterparts. Based on the father’s occupation, respondents whose father was engaged in a professional occupation were 1.983 times more likely to have a higher level of knowledge on menstruation compared to those whose fathers were in an unskilled profession. Similarly, the odds of positive perceptions on menstruation were 1.456 and 1.987 times higher, respectively, among respondents living in urban areas and those 14–16 years old, compared to their counterparts. Originality/value This study provides evidence that different socio-economic and even demographic factors are important in the development of menstrual knowledge and perceptions. Policy formulation and development actions related to adolescent girls’ physical and reproductive health development need to consider these factors in Bangladesh and in other developing countries, where poor knowledge and perception related to menstruation are hindering girls’ mental and physical development. This is expected that better knowledge and perception will facilitate girls’ right to have better health and social lives.

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The nutrition transition in Mexico 1988–2016: the role of wealth in the social patterning of obesity by education

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980018001167 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 2394-2401 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Carolina Pérez-Ferrer ◽

Anne McMunn ◽

Paola Zaninotto ◽

Eric J Brunner

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Education Level ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Social ◽

Lower Education ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractObjectiveThe present study investigates whether the reversal of the social gradient in obesity, defined as a cross-over to higher obesity prevalence among groups with lower education level, has occurred among men and women in urban and rural areas of Mexico.DesignCross-sectional series of nationally representative surveys (1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 and 2016). The association between education and obesity was investigated over the period 1988–2016. Effect modification of the education–obesity association by household wealth was tested.SettingMexico.SubjectsWomen (n 54 816) and men (n 20 589) aged 20–49 years.ResultsIn both urban and rural areas, the association between education and obesity in women varied by level of household wealth in the earlier surveys (1988, 1999 and 2006; interaction P<0·001). In urban areas in 1988, one level lower education was associated (prevalence ratio; 95 % CI) with 45 % higher obesity prevalence among the richest women (1·45; 1·24, 1·69), whereas among the poorest the same education difference was protective (0·84; 0·72, 0·99). In the latest surveys (2012, 2016), higher education was protective across all wealth groups. Among men, education level was not associated with obesity in urban areas; there was a direct association in rural areas. Wealth did not modify the association between education and obesity.ConclusionThe reversal of the educational gradient in obesity among women occurred once a threshold level of household wealth was reached. Among men, there was no evidence of a reversal of the gradient. Policies must not lose sight of the populations most vulnerable to the obesogenic environment.

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Educational Assortative Mating in Sub-Saharan Africa: Compositional Changes and Implications for Household Wealth Inequality

Demography ◽

10.1215/00703370-9000609 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Luca Maria Pesando

Keyword(s):

Assortative Mating ◽

Social Stratification ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Wealth Inequality ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Demographic And Health Surveys ◽

Educational Assortative Mating ◽

Sub Saharan

Abstract Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is undergoing rapid transformations in the realm of union formation in tandem with significant educational expansion and rising labor force participation rates. Concurrently, the region remains the least developed and most unequal along multiple dimensions of human and social development. In spite of this unique scenario, never has the social stratification literature examined patterns and implications of educational assortative mating for inequality in SSA. Using 126 Demographic and Health Surveys from 39 SSA countries between 1986 and 2016, this study is the first to document changing patterns of educational assortative mating by marriage cohort, subregion, and household location of residence and relate them to prevailing sociological theories on mating and development. Results show that net of shifts in educational distributions, mating has increased over marriage cohorts in all subregions except for Southern Africa, with increases driven mostly by rural areas. Trends in rural areas align with the status attainment hypothesis, whereas trends in urban areas are consistent with the inverted U-curve framework and the increasing applicability of the general openness hypothesis. The inequality analysis conducted through a combination of variance decomposition and counterfactual approaches reveals that mating accounts for a nonnegligible share (3% to 12%) of the cohort-specific inequality in household wealth, yet changes in mating over time hardly move time trends in wealth inequality, which is in line with findings from high-income societies.

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Comparative Study of E-Learning Readiness and Socio-Economic Factors during Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from High School Students in Urban and Rural Areas of Indonesia

10.32789/tel.2021.1002 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Moch. Bambang Sulistio ◽

Keyword(s):

High School Students ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Online Survey ◽

Economic Factors ◽

School Students ◽

Learning Readiness ◽

E Learning ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Socio Economic Factors

As the global pandemic of COVID-19 spreads enormously, educational institutions were forced to close down in most countries, affecting 91% of pupils and causing massive disruption to the education sector. In Indonesia, 62, 5 million students from pre-primary to higher education are forced to shift from conventional learning to a complete move into e-Learning. This study sought to explore students' readiness to cope with online learning both in urban and rural areas of Indonesia and to find the relation whether socio-economic factors during pandemic affect their e-learning readiness. The theory underpinning the study was the e-Learning Readiness theory which measures eight dimensions: human resource, financial, technological, equipment, content, psychological, sociological, and environmental readiness. An online survey was conducted, and a total of 1.260 million students in urban and 846 students in rural areas participated in the study. The data were analyzed using multiple regression and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). This study reveals that students in urban areas are categorized as ready, but they need improvements in several aspects with the readiness index 3, 47. In contrast, students are not ready in rural areas and need several improvements with index 3,01. The study also highlights that basic IT skills competencies are critical for the preparedness of e-learning and should be taught to students. Future studies could analyze whether ICT training will significantly impact their perceives and acceptance of students' e-learning readiness, especially in rural areas, after training has been conducted.

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Malnutrition and Socio-economic Factors in HIV Infected and Uninfected Under 5 Children in Zambia

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.718 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

M N Ng'andu ◽

G M Moonga ◽

J B Banda

Keyword(s):

Statistical Significance ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

P Value ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Under Five ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Life Years ◽

Socio Economic Factors

Abstract Malnutrition contributes to more than one third of all child deaths, although hardly listed as the direct cause. In sub-Saharan Africa, malnutrition accounts for about 2% of deaths and 3% of Disability adjusted life years (DALYs) among under-5 children. In Zambia, 35% of under-5 children are stunted, 4% wasted, 12% underweight and 5% overweight. Malnutrition and HIV interact in complex ways that increase vulnerability to and worsen each condition therefore we sought to determine factors associated with malnutrition among under 5 children in Zambia. Using Stata version 14.2, we extracted and analysed sample data of 159 children aged 0-59 months from the 2016 ZAMPHIA population-based survey, that used a two-stage cluster sampling design. We used Generalised Linear Models to measure socio-economic factors associated with malnutrition. P-value of less than 0.05 was set as level of statistical significance. Factors associated with malnutrition included gender, child's HIV status and wealth index which showed an association with stunting, wasting and being underweight. The 16 (10%) under-5 children living with HIV were significantly more affected by stunting (38% vs 33%), wasting (19% vs 11%) and underweight prevalence (38% vs 10%) than the remaining 143 who were HIV negative. Our sample prevalence was similar to national stunting (33% vs 35%) and underweight prevalence (13% vs 12%) but had three times higher wasting prevalence (12% vs 4%). A high prevalence of malnutrition was found in HIV positive compared to negative under 5 children, wealth index showing an association with malnutrition. Eliminating malnutrition is key to attaining SDG 3 which is to end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5 years of age. Key messages All types of malnutrition had a higher prevalence in HIV infected than uninfected under five children in Zambia. Wealth index is a socio-economic factor that is associated to all types of malnutrition in under-five children in Zambia.

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Analysis of Fatal Traffic Crash-Reporting and Reporting-Arrival Time Intervals of Emergency Medical Services

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.1177/0361198118772724 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2672 (32) ◽

pp. 61-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jaeyoung Lee ◽

Mohamed Abdel-Aty ◽

Qing Cai ◽

Ling Wang

Keyword(s):

Emergency Medical Services ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Medical Services ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Functional Classification ◽

Arrival Times ◽

Emergency Medical ◽

Time Required ◽

Socio Economic Factors

Emergency Medical Services (EMS) play a vital role in the postcrash effort to reduce fatalities by providing first aid and transportation to medical facilities. This study aims to analyze the time required for crash reporting and EMS arrival in fatal traffic crashes and to identify relevant crash, roadway, environmental and zonal socio-economic factors. The time required for EMS reporting and arrivals were calculated by location type (urban or rural) and roadway functional classification using Florida data. Subsequently, a variety of duration models were estimated to reveal the contributing factors for crash-reporting and reporting-arrival intervals. Although about 90% of fatal crashes are reported to EMS within ten minutes in both urban and rural settings, EMS average reporting time in rural areas (4.5 min) is greater than that in urban areas (3 min). Moreover, freeways require longer time for EMS arrival (8.3 min) compared with conventional roadways (6.8 min). It was shown that the log-logistic and gamma models performed the best for crash-reporting and reporting-arrival intervals, respectively. The modeling results revealed that both EMS reporting and arrival times are related to the crash, roadway, environmental, and socio-economic factors. The key findings indicate that EMS reporting and arrival times differ significantly according to the urban or rural designation and road functional classification, and that they have statistically significant relationship with various factors. It is expected that the findings from this study can be used to develop effective and practical strategic plans to minimize EMS reporting and arrival times and, therefore, decrease the likelihood of fatalities.

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The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors upon Public Health on the Example of Podkarpackie Voivodship

Bulletin of Geography Socio-economic series ◽

10.2478/v10089-010-0015-0 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (14) ◽

pp. 63-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paweł Kretowicz

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Health Disparities ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Health Determinants ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Local Health ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Socio Economic Factors

The Influence of Socio-Economic Factors upon Public Health on the Example of Podkarpackie VoivodshipThis study concentrates on intraregional disparities in health and spatial distribution of socio-economic factors that may affect health outcomes. The example of Podkarpackie voivodship rural and urban areas provides viable evidence for at least the partial importance of socio-economic variables in explaining intraregional health disparities. A total of eight factors that influence hospitalization rate were distinguished for urban and rural areas. Global regression models were created using the socioeconomic factors, which succeeded in explaining a considerable amount of variation in hospitalization rates both in urban and rural areas. Unfortunately, these models failed to explain local health determinants and so more sophisticated statistical models are necessary in order to fully understand intraregional health disparities.

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HIV prevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among transgender women in Cambodia: results from a national Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015390 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. e015390 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Srean Chhim ◽

Chanrith Ngin ◽

Pheak Chhoun ◽

Sovannary Tuot ◽

Cheaty Ly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Transgender Women ◽

Hiv Prevalence ◽

Capital City ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fourfold Increase ◽

Combination Prevention ◽

Factors Associated

ObjectiveTo examine factors associated with HIV infection among transgender women in Cambodia.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingsHIV high-burden sites including the capital city and 12 provinces.ParticipantsThis study included 1375 sexually active transgender women with a mean age of 25.9 years (SD 7.1), recruited by using respondent-driven sampling for structured questionnaire interviews and rapid finger-prick HIV testing.Primary outcome measureHIV infection detected by using Determine antibody test.ResultsHIV prevalence among this population was 5.9%. After adjustment for other covariates, participants living in urban areas were twice as likely to be HIV infected as those living in rural areas. Participants with primary education were 1.7 times as likely to be infected compared with those with high school education. HIV infection increased with age; compared with those aged 18–24 years, the odds of being HIV infected were twice as high among transgender women aged 25–34 years and 2.8 times higher among those aged ≥35 years. Self-injection of gender affirming hormones was associated with a fourfold increase in the odds of HIV infection. A history of genital sores over the previous 12 months increased the odds of HIV infection by threefold. Transgender women with stronger feminine identity, dressing as a woman all the time, were twice as likely to be HIV infected compared with those who did not dress as a woman all the time. Having never used online services developed for transgender women in the past six months was also associated with higher odds of being HIV infected.ConclusionsTransgender women in Cambodia are at high risk of HIV. To achieve the goal of eliminating HIV in Cambodia, effective combination prevention strategies addressing the above risk factors among transgender women should be strengthened.

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Bivariate binary analysis on composite index of anthropometric failure of under-five children and household wealth-index

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02770-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Demeke Lakew Workie ◽

Lijalem Melie Tesfaw

Keyword(s):

Logistic Regression ◽

Composite Index ◽

Binary Logistic Regression ◽

Wealth Index ◽

Household Wealth ◽

Education Level ◽

Multiple Birth ◽

Under Five ◽

Under Five Children ◽

Study Results

Abstract Background Malnutrition is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity of children in low and middle income countries including Ethiopia and household wealth index shares the highest contribution. Thus, in this study it is aimed to conduct bivariate binary logistic regression analysis by accounting the possible dependency of child composite index anthropometric failure and household wealth index. Methods In this study the data from Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) 2016 involved 9411 under five children was considered. Child Composite Index Anthropometric Failure (CIAF) measures the aggregate child undernourished derived from the conventional anthropometric indices (stunting, underweight and wasting). The correlation between CIAF and wealth index was checked and significant correlation found. To address the dependency between the two outcome variables bivariate binary logistic regression was used to analyze the determinants of child CAIF and household wealth index jointly. Results Study results show that region, place of residence, religion, education level of women and husband/partner, sex of child, source of drinking water, household size and number of under five children in the household, mothers body mass index, multiple birth and anemia level of child had significant association with child CIAF. Female children were 0.82 times less likely to be CIAF compared to male and multiple birth children were more likely to be CIAF compared to single birth. Children from Oromia, Somalie, Gambela, SNNPR, Harari and Addis Ababa region were 0.6, 0.56, 0.67, 0.52, 0.6 and 0.44 times less likely to be CIAF compared to Tigray. A household from rural area were 15.49 times more likely poor compared to a household. The estimated odds of children whose mothers attended primary, and secondary and higher education was 0.82, and 0.52 times respectively the estimated odds of children from mothers who had never attended formal education. Conclusion The prevalence of children with composite index anthropometric failure was high and closely tied with the household wealth index. Among the determinants, region, religion, family education level, and anemia level of child were statistically significant determinants of both CIAF and household wealth index. Thus, the authors recommend to concerned bodies and policymakers work on household wealth index to reduce the prevalence of child composite anthropometric failure.

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A hospital-based study on clinical data, demographic data and visual function of keratoconus patients in Central China

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87291-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kaili Yang ◽

Liyan Xu ◽

Qi Fan ◽

Yuwei Gu ◽

Bo Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Data ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Visual Function ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Demographic Data ◽

Corneal Thickness ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Education Level ◽

Central China ◽

The Mean

AbstractChina is a populous country but lacks epidemiological data on keratoconus (KC). The present study aimed to investigate the clinical data, demographic data, and visual function (VF) data of KC patients in Central China. A total of 524 KC eyes in 307 KC patients (217 bilateral and 90 unilateral) from Henan Eye Hospital were included in the current study. Demographic and VF data were assessed with questionnaires administered by well-trained staff during face-to-face interviews. Visual acuity value was examined by a qualified optometrist, and the clinical data were measured by professional clinicians. The distributions of sex, residence and education level of KC patients were compared by Chi-square tests, and the ratios of people wearing glasses and rigid gas permeable (RGP) lenses were compared by McNemar tests. General linear models/Chi-squared tests were used to compare the clinical and demographic data according to KC severity. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to test the associations between the data and KC severity. The mean age at diagnosis was 20.98 ± 6.06 years, and males had a higher ratio of KC than females (P < 0.001). Patients in rural areas had a higher rate of KC than those in urban areas (P = 0.039), and the proportion of KC patients with a higher education level (above high school) was high (P < 0.001). A total of 68.40% of the patients reported eye rubbing and 3.52% had a positive family history. The percentage of people wearing glasses was higher than that of patients wearing RGP lenses (P < 0.001). The total VF score of KC patients was 69.35 ± 15.25. The thinnest corneal thickness (TCT) and stiffness parameter at the first applanation (SP-A1) values were inversely correlated with KC severity (P < 0.05). The mean, steep, and max keratometry (Km, Ks and Kmax) values, the RGP lens use and keratoplasty were positively correlated with KC severity (all P < 0.05). The total VF score of the eye with better VA decreased as the severity increased (r = − 0.21, P = 0.002). The present study comprehensively describes various associated features of KC patients from a tertiary hospital in Central China, providing a reference for understanding the characteristics of KC patients in China.

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