scholarly journals HIV prevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among transgender women in Cambodia: results from a national Integrated Biological and Behavioral Survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. e015390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srean Chhim ◽  
Chanrith Ngin ◽  
Pheak Chhoun ◽  
Sovannary Tuot ◽  
Cheaty Ly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Combination Prevention ◽  
Factors Associated

ObjectiveTo examine factors associated with HIV infection among transgender women in Cambodia.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingsHIV high-burden sites including the capital city and 12 provinces.ParticipantsThis study included 1375 sexually active transgender women with a mean age of 25.9 years (SD 7.1), recruited by using respondent-driven sampling for structured questionnaire interviews and rapid finger-prick HIV testing.Primary outcome measureHIV infection detected by using Determine antibody test.ResultsHIV prevalence among this population was 5.9%. After adjustment for other covariates, participants living in urban areas were twice as likely to be HIV infected as those living in rural areas. Participants with primary education were 1.7 times as likely to be infected compared with those with high school education. HIV infection increased with age; compared with those aged 18–24 years, the odds of being HIV infected were twice as high among transgender women aged 25–34 years and 2.8 times higher among those aged ≥35 years. Self-injection of gender affirming hormones was associated with a fourfold increase in the odds of HIV infection. A history of genital sores over the previous 12 months increased the odds of HIV infection by threefold. Transgender women with stronger feminine identity, dressing as a woman all the time, were twice as likely to be HIV infected compared with those who did not dress as a woman all the time. Having never used online services developed for transgender women in the past six months was also associated with higher odds of being HIV infected.ConclusionsTransgender women in Cambodia are at high risk of HIV. To achieve the goal of eliminating HIV in Cambodia, effective combination prevention strategies addressing the above risk factors among transgender women should be strengthened.

scholarly journals HIV/AIDS: a 30 year history at the Northern Region of Portugal

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Reina Neves ◽  
M Santos ◽  
A Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Late Diagnosis ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Legislative Changes

Abstract Since 1981, when the first cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were diagnosed, the need to monitor what emerged shortly afterwards as an epidemic arose. Portugal was not immune, and over the years different measures have been taken to control the national epidemic. The goal of this research is to contribute to the previous knowledge about the trend of HIV infection at the regional level that allows adequate planning focused on controlling the epidemic. This is an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, whose data were anonymized at the source, based on the analysis of cases notified by doctors. The data were analyzed using the software Microsoft® Excel version 16.16.4 and IBM® SPSS® Statistics version 25. To check if there is a proven statistical relationship between the variables, the Chi-Square independence test (X2) was used. The results obtained revealed 14512 accumulated cases, in the different stages of infection, 76.7% of which are male, with a higher incidence between 25-29 years of age. Type HIV-1 covers 97.1% of all cases. From 2013 to 2017 it was observed that 74.2% lived in urban areas. Late diagnosis was found in rural areas, particularly in heterosexual transmission. It was concluded that there are several similarities between data at regional and national levels, such as the occurrence of late diagnosis in the category of heterosexual transmission. Regarding legislative changes, no conclusion can be inferred, although hypotheses were raised that can should be discussed in future studies. Key messages Late diagnosis in rural areas. Late diagnosis in heterosexual transmission.

scholarly journals Sprawność fizyczna dzieci wiejskich i miejskich z niskiej grupy społeczno-ekonomicznej na Jukatanie (Meksyk)

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-140
Author(s):  
Maryla Aftanasiuk
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Arm Circumference

Body build and physical fitness of schoolchildren of low socioeconomic strata from urban and rural areas of Yucatan were studied. The material consisted of 552 children from Merida (the capital city of Yucatan State, Mexico) and of 526 children from the Yaxcaba horticultural community, 7 through 14 years of age. These are cross-sectional samples studied in 1996-97 in Merida and in 1999 and 2000 in Yaxcaba. The ethnic origin was evaluated using two surnames of children (from the father and mother side). The studied variables included stature, BMI, arm circumference, grip strength, agility run, Sargent vertical jump index (explosive strength), spine flexibility index, and reaction time. Urban children are significantly taller than rural ones, and BMI and arm circumference show also a tendency to be greater in urban areas. Physical fitness tests are better performed (better results) in rural areas than in urban ones. If the whole material is divided according to two ethnic groups (Mayas and Mestizos, and Creoles)  the differences in body build are still observed but those in physical fitness disappeared. Creole children are taller than Mayas and Mestizos and they show a tendency to have more weight for height and greater arm circumference. Generally, the differences in physical fitness are only observed between rural and urban children what may be caused by a more active way of life in villages than in towns resulting from agricultural activity. However, differences in stature are observed between ethnic as well as between rural and urban groups. This may have the genetic origin (Creoles and Mayas), and in the case of different localities, it may also be caused by more various nutrition in towns than in villages.

scholarly journals Trends and correlates of HIV prevalence among adolescents in South Africa: evidence from the 2008, 2012 and 2017 South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Musawenkosi Mabaso ◽  
Goitseone Maseko ◽  
Ronel Sewpaul ◽  
Inbarani Naidoo ◽  
Sean Jooste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background Adolescents are at increased risk of HIV infection compared to other age groups. There is an urgent need for strategic information that will inform programmes to reduce risk and vulnerability to HIV and reverse the pattern of increasing HIV infection as they transition to adulthood. This paper analysed trends and factors associated with HIV prevalence among adolescents in South Africa using the national HIV population-based household surveys conducted in 2008, 2012 and 2017. Methods All three surveys used a multistage cross-sectional design. A trend analysis was conducted to assess the differences in HIV prevalence and covariates overtime using P-trend Chi-squared statistic. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with HIV prevalence. Results Overall there was a significant increase in HIV prevalence among adolescents aged 12–19 years from 3.0% (n = 2892) in 2008 to 3.2% (n = 4829) in 2012 and 4.1% (n = 3937) in 2017 (p = 0.031). The odds of being HIV positive among adolescents aged 12–19 years was significantly higher among females [AOR = 2.24; 95% CI (1.73–2.91); p < 0.001] than males, those residing in KwaZulu-Natal province [AOR = 2.01; 95% CI (1.-3.99); p = 0.027] than Northern Cape, and those who did not attend an educational institution and were unemployed [AOR = 2.66; 95% CI (1.91–3.67); p < 0.001] compared to those attending an educational institution. The odds were significantly lower among Whites [AOR = 0.29; 95% CI (0.09–0.93); p = 0.037], Coloureds [AOR = 0.21; 95% CI (0.11–0.37); p ≤ 0.001] and Indian/Asian [AOR = 0.08; 95% CI (0.02–0.34); p = 0.001] population groups than Black Africans. Conclusion The observed increasing trend and gender disparities in HIV prevalence suggests an urgent need for age appropriate and gender specific HIV interventions tailored and targeted at identified drivers of HIV infection among adolescents.

scholarly journals Household socio-economic status and likelihood of HIV infection among under five-year children in Muheza district, north-eastern Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veneranda M. Bwana ◽  
Edgar Simulundu ◽  
Leonard E.G. Mboera ◽  
Sayoki G. Mfinanga ◽  
Charles Michelo
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

AbstractBackgroundThere are evidences of the association between socio-economic factors and HIV prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is dearth of information on such relationship in Tanzania. Here, we present data on the relationship between household’s socio-economic factors and HIV prevalence among under five-year children in Muheza district, Tanzania.MethodsWe conducted a facility-based study from June 2015 to June 2016 in which we enrolled under five-year children born to HIV positive mothers. Information on HIV status of the child and socio-demographic characteristic of the head of the household was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using STATA version 13.0.ResultsA total of 576 mothers/guardians were interviewed each with respective HIV exposed under five-year child. Children who belonged to a head of household with at least a high education level (AOR= 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8) and living in a relatively wealthy household (AOR = 0.5, 95% CI 0.2-0.9) was associated with reduced odds of HIV infection among children. Univariate analysis revealed that the odds of HIV infection was three-fold (COR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.0) higher among children living in rural than in urban areas. The heads of household living in rural areas (AOR=0.3 95% CI 0.1-0.9) had low education level compared to those living in urban areas.ConclusionChildren who belong to the head of households with high educational level, high household wealth were associated with reduced likelihood of HIV infection in Tanzania. Children living in rural areas had increased likelihood of acquiring HIV infection. These findings stress the need to focus on improving education status of the population and economically disadvantaged populations as a strategy for HIV prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Emotional and Instrumental Social Support as Determinants of Happiness: A Cross-Sectional Study of Malaysian Elderly

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamsul Azhar Shah ◽  
Nazarudin Safian ◽  
Saharuddin Ahmad ◽  
Wan Abdul Hannan Wan Ibadullah ◽  
Zulkefley Mohammad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Instrumental Support ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Background: Happiness is an essential component for experience healthy ageing. Hence, understanding the factors that contribute to happiness is essential for a better quality of life. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with happiness among the elderly population in Malaysia.Methods: In this study, 1204 respondents were recruited from urban and rural areas in Selangor. The face-to-face interview was conducted using the Bahasa Malaysian version of the Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study questionnaire. The inclusion criteria include Malaysians who are 60 years old and above and can converse in the Malaysian language. Those who encounter less than seven scores for the Abbreviated Mental Test were excluded from the study.Result: Among the 1204 respondents, 953 (79.2%) of them were happy. In terms of sociodemographic characteristics, men who were happy, 60 to 74 years old and live in urban areas were significantly associated with happiness. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the significant factors associated with happiness among the elderly include the social support they receive, both emotional support (adjusted OR 2.33) and instrumental support (adjusted OR 1.59); the locality they reside in (adjusted OR 1.65); how they self-rated themselves in terms of their health status (adjusted OR 1.58); their educational level (adjusted OR 4.20) and their household income (adjusted OR 0.77).Conclusion: Thus, ensuring the elderly population in receiving emotional and instrumental support can enhance their happiness level.

Urban–rural differences in related factors of second-hand smoke exposure: a cross-sectional study of adult non-smokers in Northeast China

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunshi Gao ◽  
Yan Yao ◽  
Huikun Niu ◽  
Lu Li ◽  
Meiqi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Second Hand Smoke ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background this study aims to examine the different factors associated with exposure to second-hand smoke (SHS) between urban and rural areas and to facilitate a reduction in SHS exposure in Northeast China. Methods a multistage stratified random cluster sampling design was used in this 2012 cross-sectional survey in Jilin Province, Northeast China. A total of 13 056 non-smokers were included in this study. The Rao–Scott χ2 test, multiple regression analysis and discriminant function analysis were used. Results the SHS prevalence among adult non-smokers was 60.2% in urban areas and 61.8% in rural areas. In urban areas, males were more likely to be exposed to SHS, while in rural areas, females were more likely to be exposed to SHS (P < 0.05). Increasing age was a protective factor against SHS exposure both in urban and rural areas (P < 0.05). Tobacco-relevant knowledge was positively associated with SHS exposure. Among urban non-smokers, high education level and engagement in manual work were risk factors for SHS exposure, and retired subjects were less likely to be exposed to SHS (P < 0.01). Conclusions non-smokers from urban and rural areas differ in the factors associated with SHS exposure, and urban–rural differentials, especially with regard to gender, should be considered in tobacco control.

Prevalence and socio-cultural determinants of domestic violence among married women in Thimphu, Bhutan

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kencho Wangmo
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Adolescent Women

Introduction: Domestic violence is a public health problem all over the world, yet its prevalence is under-reported in a pervasive “culture of silence”. Bhutan is not likely to be an exception; however, data on the prevalence, forms and determinants of domestic violence are scant. The purpose of this study is to measure the prevalence and characterize factors associated with domestic violence among women in Thimphu, Bhutan’s capital. Methods: A population-based, household cross-sectional survey was conducted in January-May, 2012. A multistage sampling method was used to obtain a representative sample of 300 married women. The chi-square test was used to identify factors associated with increased likelihood of experiencing the four forms of domestic violence. Results: The overall prevalence of any domestic violence was 44%. By type of violence, the most common was emotional (36%), followed by control (30%), physical (20%) and sexual (14%). Sexual violence was reported more often by young adolescent women. Women from urban areas reported more emotional violence compared to women from rural areas. Women agreed with many situations in which force might be used by their husbands and with many of the traditional roles of women in society. Nonetheless, many women objected to the use of force in many situations and rejected certain constraining roles of women. Conclusions: This study supports the importance of advocacy for education and programs to prevent and mitigate harm from domestic abuse experienced by women in Bhutan.

scholarly journals The continuing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men and transgender women in the ASEAN region: implications for HIV policy and service programming

Sexual Health ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frits van Griensven ◽  
Jan Willem de Lind van Wijngaarden ◽  
Patrick Castillo Eustaquio ◽  
Stephen Wignall ◽  
Iskandar Azwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Phnom Penh ◽  
Sex With Men

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in Western urban areas have seen substantive decreases in new diagnoses of HIV infection. This paper explores whether such declines are present among MSM and transgender women (TGW) in Southeast Asia and discusses implications for HIV policies and programming. A scoping review was conducted of scientific publications and selected documents regarding the spread of HIV infection among MSM and TGW in major urban centres of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region. Continued high HIV prevalence and incidence among MSM are found in integrated behavioural and biological surveillance (IBBS) and research studies. HIV prevalence among MSM under IBBS decreased only in Bangkok from 28.6% in 2014 to 10.3% in 2018, whereas it was increasing in Kuala Lumpur, Ho Chi Minh City, Vientiane, and Phnom Penh. HIV/AIDS case reports regarding new HIV infection diagnoses among MSM have started to decrease in Singapore since 2011 and have been plateauing in Metropolitan Manila since 2017. Where data were available, it was found that HIV prevalence among TGW was high and if IBBS was conducted, it was increasing. HIV prevalence among TGW under IBBS in Jakarta had risen to 34.0% (2015) and 14.0% (2019) in Phnom Penh. These findings suggest that most ASEAN member states have so far failed to effectively implement and scale-up scientifically proven biomedical HIV prevention measures and counter stigma and discrimination that impedes access to appropriate HIV prevention and treatment services for MSM and TGW.

HIV INFECTION AND SOME RELATED FACTORS IN FEMALE MASSAGE THERAPISTS IN QUANG NGAI PROVINCE

2015 ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
Xuan Chuong Tran ◽  
Thi Thanh Hoa Le ◽  
Ngoc Van Nguyen ◽  
Thanh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Sexual Contact ◽  
Related Factor ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Keywords Hiv ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Massage Therapists

Background: HIV/AIDS is still a dangerous infection in Vietnam and in the world. Studying of HIV infection and related factors in high risk groups, including female massage therapists is therefore very important. Aims: 1. To study the HIV infection in female massage therapists in Quang Ngai province. 2. To fine some related factors to HIV infection. Patients and methods: Female massage therapists working in Quang Ngai province. Cross-sectional, descriptive study. Results: The rate of HIV infection was 0.99%. Group older than 22 years old had higher rate of infection than group under 22 years old (1.80% vs 0.69%). The girls from urban areas or not using condom had higher rate of infection than group from rural or not using condom (1.57% vs 0.47% and 7.32% vs. 0.57%). Most of HIV infected belong to single or divorce groups. Conclusions: The rate of HIV infection in female massage therapists in Quang Ngai province was 0.99%. The HIV infection related factor was not using condom in sexual contact. Keywords: HIV, female massage therapists, Quang Ngai

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document