The nutrition transition in Mexico 1988–2016: the role of wealth in the social patterning of obesity by education

AbstractObjectiveThe present study investigates whether the reversal of the social gradient in obesity, defined as a cross-over to higher obesity prevalence among groups with lower education level, has occurred among men and women in urban and rural areas of Mexico.DesignCross-sectional series of nationally representative surveys (1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 and 2016). The association between education and obesity was investigated over the period 1988–2016. Effect modification of the education–obesity association by household wealth was tested.SettingMexico.SubjectsWomen (n 54 816) and men (n 20 589) aged 20–49 years.ResultsIn both urban and rural areas, the association between education and obesity in women varied by level of household wealth in the earlier surveys (1988, 1999 and 2006; interaction P<0·001). In urban areas in 1988, one level lower education was associated (prevalence ratio; 95 % CI) with 45 % higher obesity prevalence among the richest women (1·45; 1·24, 1·69), whereas among the poorest the same education difference was protective (0·84; 0·72, 0·99). In the latest surveys (2012, 2016), higher education was protective across all wealth groups. Among men, education level was not associated with obesity in urban areas; there was a direct association in rural areas. Wealth did not modify the association between education and obesity.ConclusionThe reversal of the educational gradient in obesity among women occurred once a threshold level of household wealth was reached. Among men, there was no evidence of a reversal of the gradient. Policies must not lose sight of the populations most vulnerable to the obesogenic environment.

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Frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and soft drinks: a comparative study among adolescents in urban and rural areas

Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia ◽

10.1590/1809-4503201400020007eng ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 371-380 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Iza Cristina de Vasconcelos Martins Xavier ◽

Carla Menêses Hardman ◽

Maria Laura Siqueira de Souza Andrade ◽

Mauro Virgilio Gomes de Barros

Keyword(s):

High School Students ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Soft Drinks ◽

Fruit Juices ◽

Daily Consumption ◽

School Students ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Validated Questionnaire ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Objective: To compare the frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables and soft drinks among adolescents living in urban and rural areas of Pernambuco State. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on secondary analysis of data from a representative sample of high school students in Pernambuco (n = 4,207, 14 - 19 years) was conducted. Data were collected through a previously validated questionnaire. Adolescents who reported a daily consumption of soft drinks and occasional consumption of fruits, juices and vegetables were classified as exposed to inadequate standard of consumption of these foods. The independent variable was the place of residence (urban/rural). Data were analyzed by frequency distribution, χ2 test and binary logistic regression. Results: It was observed that students residing in rural areas had a higher prevalence of occasional consumption of natural fruit juices (37.6%; 95%CI 36.1 - 39.0) than those living in urban areas (32.1%; 95%CI 30.7 - 33.6). The proportion of students exposed to daily consumption of soft drinks was higher among those who reported they lived in urban areas (65.0%; 95%CI 63.5 - 66.4) compared to those who reported living in rural areas (55.3%; 95%CI 53.8 - 56.9). Conclusion: Adolescent students living in rural areas had a higher prevalence of low consumption of natural fruit juices while those residing in urban areas had a higher prevalence of daily consumption of soda drinks.

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Social Progress Index for Urban and Rural Areas of a Region: Evidence from Peru

Statistika: Statistics and Economy Journal ◽

10.54694/stat.2021.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 101 (4) ◽

pp. 422-435

Author(s):

Maylee Inga-Hancco ◽

Adamari Indigoyen-Porras ◽

Sergio Parra-Alarcón ◽

Juan Cerrón-Aliaga ◽

Wagner Vicente-Ramos

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Well Being ◽

Social Progress ◽

Economic Policies ◽

Human Needs ◽

Middle Range ◽

The Social ◽

Global Organization ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

The present study describes the methodological process proposed by the Social Progress Imperative Global Organization to calculate the Social Progress Index in urban and rural areas of the province of Huancayo, Peru, in 2020. The survey was based on 229 observations regarding basic human needs, foundations of well-being and opportunities. The result produced an index of 56.04 for urban areas and 53.98 for rural areas; results that are in the low and low middle range respectively, identifying deficiencies in the quality of economic policies, with respect to the sanitation service, where more than 30% do not have access to drinking water, and others. It was concluded that the index showed no improvement with respect to 2019, likewise the social gaps still persist and the well-being of the aforementioned population was not increased.

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Trends of low physical activity among Iranian adolescents across urban and rural areas during 2006–2011

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-78048-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Parisa Amiri ◽

Parisa Naseri ◽

Golnaz Vahedi-Notash ◽

Sara Jalali-Farahani ◽

Yadollah Mehrabi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Sample Survey ◽

Activity Levels ◽

Urban Girls ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractIt is well documented that physical inactivity is related to weight gain and a whole host of chronic diseases. This study investigated trends of low physical activity among Iranian adolescents in urban and rural areas between 2006–2011. A total of 12,178 adolescents, aged between 15 and 19 years, participated in National Surveys of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseases. Data on physical activity was obtained using the global physical activity questionnaire. A complex sample survey and multinomial logistic regression were used to model physical activity levels. The percentage of adolescents who had low levels of physical activity increased from 2006 to 2011 in both urban and rural areas. Low and moderate levels of physical activity were lower in rural girls as compared with urban girls, with a prevalence ratio of 0.59 (95% CI 0.47–0.74) and 0.59 (95% CI 0.47–0.74), respectively. The corresponding values for boys residing in rural areas compared with boys in urban areas were 0.56 (95% CI 0.43–0.75) and 0.60 (95% CI 0.48–0.74), respectively. The adolescents' lifestyles showed an increasing trend for physical inactivity in both genders; however, in rural areas, only girls had a rising affinity for a sedentary lifestyle throughout the 2006–2011 years.

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A comparison of breast feeding practices among urban and rural areas of Rangareddy district of Telangana

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20172190 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (6) ◽

pp. 2136 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. Vijay Kumar ◽

Indranil Acharya ◽

Jayanti P. Acharya ◽

Puligila Raj Shravani ◽

Sabbineni Ramya

Keyword(s):

Rural Area ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Feeding Practices ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Young Infants ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Breastfeeding is the normal way of providing young infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 800 mothers from urban and rural areas of Rangareddy District. A pre designed pre tested questionnaire was used to interview the mothers. Questionnaire contained questions related to demographic factors and breast feeding practices. Institutional Ethical clearance was taken. Results: The overall prevalence of exclusive breast feeding was 65%, being comparatively more in rural area (68%) which was statistically significant. Colostrum was discarded by 15% mothers in urban and 9% in rural area. Breast feeding was initiated within 1 hour in 184 (46%) in urban area and in 148 (37%) in rural area. Conclusions: Though mothers from rural area had certain favorable breast feeding practices such as demand feeding, colostrum being given but still various inappropriate practices were prevalent in both rural and urban areas.

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Awareness about harmful effects of cigarette smoking among adolescents in Shamirpet mandal, Hyderabad

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20185244 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 208

Author(s):

M. Pavani Varma ◽

K. S. V. Prasad

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Early Stage ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Local Setting ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Harmful Effects

Background: Tobacco smoking is habit which usually begins in the adolescent age. It is a risk factor for many non-communicable diseases and mortality can be prevented if smoking is quit.Methods: It is a cross sectional study.2 schools were randomly selected from urban and rural areas in field practice area of Mediciti Institute of Medical Sciences. A GYTS questionnaire is modified to local setting and administered to the students.Results: A total of 367 students were enrolled. The level of awareness regarding harmful effects of tobacco consumption was good. It was 98.85% in urban areas and 94.84% in rural areas.Conclusions: As adolescent is the age of habit forming identification of the problem and correcting it at early stage itself will be beneficial for individuals, family and society.

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RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE (RHD)

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2016.23.03.1482 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (03) ◽

pp. 324-327

Author(s):

Ahsan Beg Beg ◽

Muhammad Younas ◽

Touseef Asma

Keyword(s):

Heart Disease ◽

Rheumatic Heart Disease ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Economic Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Cardiology Department ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Rheumatic Heart

Objectives: To investigate the role of socio-economic factors for Acute RheumaticFever (ARF) and Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD) in Pakistan. Methodology: Study Design:Descriptive cross-sectional. Setting: OPD of Pediatric Cardiology Department, CPE Institute ofCardiology, Multan. Period: July 2014 to December 2014. Convenience Sampling was done.Sample size of 130 cases with ages between 5 to 12 years were selected for the study. Results:Overcrowding was noticed in 61% and 85% in urban and rural areas, respectively. In rural areas,most parents were illiterate; similar status was seen in urban areas (64.4%; 67.1% respectively).60% and 55 % patients have habit of hand washing in rural and urban patients respectively.Toilet facility is available to 60% and 55.6% in rural and urban patients respectively. Economicstatus of the family is even worse. Average income per family was only Rs.3800 per month.Conclusion: There is a high prevalence of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) and acute rheumaticfever (ARF) in Pakistan. Overcrowding, poor hygienic conditions, low socio-economic status,illiteracy are major risk factors for ARF and RHD in Pakistan. In order to address this alarmingsituation, platforms like Pakistan Pediatric Cardiac Society and Pakistan Pediatric Associationneed to be mobilized.

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Urban–rural differences in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among 25–74 year-old adults of the Yangon Region, Myanmar: two cross-sectional studies

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020406 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. e020406 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Wai Phyo Aung ◽

Aung Soe Htet ◽

Espen Bjertness ◽

Hein Stigum ◽

Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Undiagnosed Diabetes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Who Steps Methodology ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Educational Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Studies ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between urban–rural location and the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the Yangon Region, and to estimate the proportion of urban and rural participants already diagnosed with DM, and of those, the proportion under treatment and under control.DesignTwo cross-sectional studies, using the WHO STEPs methodology.SettingThe Yangon Region of Myanmar, urban and rural areas.ParticipantsMen and women, aged 25–74 years, included during the study period from September–November 2013 (urban) and 2014 (rural areas) (n=1372). Institutionalised people, physically and mentally ill person, monks and nuns were excluded.ResultsThe age-standardised prevalence of DM was 12.1% in urban and 7.1% in rural areas (p=0.039). In urban areas, the prevalence of DM was lowest in the highest educational groups (p<0.001). There were no differences in DM prevalence between gender or income levels. In rural areas, those who were physically inactive had a low intake of fruit and vegetable and were overweight/obese had a higher DM prevalence than others. In a logistic regression, the OR for DM in rural compared with urban areas was 0.38 (0.22, 0.65), adjusted for sociodemographic variables and behavioural risk factors. In urban areas, 43.1% of participants had the experience of receiving blood glucose measurements by a doctor or health worker, and 61.5% of all cases of DM were already diagnosed, 78.7% were under treatment and 45.8% were under control. The corresponding proportions in rural areas were 26.4%, 52.4%, 78.1% and 32.0%, respectively.ConclusionThe prevalence of DM in the Yangon Region was high, and significantly higher in urban than in rural areas. More health services are needed to serve this population with a large proportion of undiagnosed diabetes. Preventive measures to halt and reduce the prevalence of DM are urgently needed.

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Frailty in older adults and their association with social determinants of Health. The SABE Colombia Study

Colombia Medica ◽

10.25100/cm.v50i2.4121 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 89-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

José M Ocampo Chaparro ◽

Carlos A Reyes Ortiz ◽

Ximena Castro Flórez ◽

Fernando Gómez

Keyword(s):

Social Determinants Of Health ◽

Social Determinants ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Determinants Of Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Childhood Health ◽

The Social ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

The Relationship

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of frailty and evaluate the relationship with the social determinants of health in elderly residents in urban and rural areas of Colombia. Methods: The SABE (Health, Wellbeing, and Aging) Colombia project is a cross-sectional study, carried out in 2014-2015, involving 24,553 men and women aged 60 years and older who live in the community in Colombia. For this analysis, we used data from 4,474 participants included as a subsample with grip strength measurements. The frailty syndrome was diagnosed according to the Fried criteria (weakness, low speed, low physical activity, exhaustion, and weight loss). The independent variables were grouped as (a) biological and genetic flow, (b) lifestyle (adverse conditions in childhood) (c) social networks and community, and (d) socio-economic, cultural and environmental conditions. Multiple logistic and linear regression analyses were used to assess the prognostic value of frailty for the outcomes of interest. Results: The prevalence of frailty was 17.9%. The factors significantly associated with frailty were older age, being women, living in rural areas, having low education, a greater number of medical conditions, insufficient current income, childhood health problems and a poor economic situation in childhood. Conclusions: Our results support the need to include frailty prevention programs, to improve the socioeconomic health conditions of infants to avoid future development of frailty.

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Geographical variation and urban-rural disparity of overweight and obesity in Chinese school-aged children between 2010 and 2014: two successive national cross-sectional surveys

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025559 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. e025559 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Yanhui Dong ◽

Yinghua Ma ◽

Bin Dong ◽

Zhiyong Zou ◽

Peijin Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Childhood Overweight ◽

Overweight And Obesity ◽

Chinese Children ◽

Western China ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Childhood Overweight And Obesity ◽

Urban Rural ◽

Urban And Rural Areas

PurposeThe urban-rural disparity for childhood overweight and obesity shows different patterns in most countries. This study aimed to examine the recent trend of urban-rural disparity for childhood overweight and obesity at national and subnational levels in Chinese children from 2010 to 2014.DesignTwo successive national cross-sectional studies. Overweight and obesity were classified using Chinese national age-specific and sex-specific body mass index reference. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was compared between urban and rural areas at national and subnational levels.SettingThirty-one provinces in China.ParticipantsData were obtained from the Chinese National Survey on Students’ Constitution and Health in 2010 and 2014 with 215 214 (107 741 in 2010 and 107 473 in 2014) children aged 7–12 years.ResultsThe overweight and obesity prevalence increased from 17.1% in 2010 to 22.5% in 2014. The overweight and obesity prevalence in both urban and rural areas was higher in the eastern provinces but lower in the western provinces. The urban-rural disparity in overweight and obesity decreased steadily from 2010 to 2014 (1.79 to 1.42 for prevalence OR). There was greater urban-rural disparity in western China than eastern China. A reversal occurred in 2014 in several eastern provinces where the overweight and obesity prevalence in rural children surpassed that of their urban peers.ConclusionsA narrowing urban-rural disparity and the reversal signal between urban and rural areas in overweight and obesity would contribute to a growing proportion of obese children in rural areas. Therefore, urgent region-specific policies and interventions with a forward-looking approach should be considered for Chinese children, especially in rural areas.

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Why are crime rates higher in urban than in rural areas? — Evidence from Japan

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology ◽

10.1177/000486588802100203 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 81-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Denis A Ladbrook

Keyword(s):

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Property Crime ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Urban Populations ◽

Independent Variables ◽

Units Of Analysis ◽

Urban And Rural Areas ◽

Structural Indicators ◽

Urban Conditions

Three sociological explanations for why rates of conventional crime are higher in urban than in rural areas are tested with cross-sectional Japanese data for 1970. The three explanations ascribe the higher rates of urban crime to (1) the degree of urbanisation and populated density, (2) the greater rates of migration and population growth in urban populations, and (3) the differences in demographic structures between urban and rural areas, urban areas having greater proportions of young people. Eight indicators are used to test six hypotheses for six crimes against persons and property, with the 46 Japanese perfectures as units of analysis. Measures are taken to constrain the degree of multicollinearity that exists among the independent variables. While the structural indicators measured at an ecological level are not powerful in explaining inter-perfectural variations in rates of homicide, rape and arson, they are significantly associated with larceny, robbery and assault rates. Multiple regression analysis ascribes greatest weight in explaining the variation in rates of property crime to the higher proportion of young adults in urban populations, and to the higher rates of migration in these populations. The differences between Japanese and Western levels and patterns of crime are attributable to the operation of powerful mechanisms of family and community social control and to methods of policing. Trends comparable with those in the West are emerging through youth crime in the context of urban conditions.

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