scholarly journals Reliability of an interneuron response depends on an integrated sensory state

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Dobosiewicz ◽  
Cornelia I. Bargmann
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Chemosensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Chemical Synapses ◽  
Stereotyped Response

ABSTRACTThe central nervous system transforms sensory information into representations that are salient to the animal. Here we define the logic of this transformation in a Caenorhabditis elegans integrating interneuron. AIA interneurons receive input from multiple chemosensory neurons that detect attractive odors. We show that reliable AIA responses require the coincidence of two sensory inputs: activation of AWA olfactory neurons that are activated by attractive odors, and inhibition of one or more chemosensory neurons that are inhibited by attractive odors. AWA activates AIA through an electrical synapse, while the disinhibitory pathway acts through glutamatergic chemical synapses. The resulting AIA interneuron responses have uniform magnitude and dynamics, suggesting that AIA activation is a stereotyped response to an integrated stimulus. Our results indicate that AIA interneurons combine sensory information using AND-gate logic, requiring coordinated activity from multiple chemosensory neurons. We propose that AIA encodes positive odor valence based on an integrated sensory state.

scholarly journals Reliability of an interneuron response depends on an integrated sensory state

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Dobosiewicz ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Cornelia I Bargmann
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Electrical Synapse ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Electrophysiological Properties ◽  
Chemosensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory State ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Chemical Synapses ◽  
Stereotyped Response

The central nervous system transforms sensory information into representations that are salient to the animal. Here we define the logic of this transformation in a Caenorhabditis elegans integrating interneuron. AIA interneurons receive input from multiple chemosensory neurons that detect attractive odors. We show that reliable AIA responses require the coincidence of two sensory inputs: activation of AWA olfactory neurons that are activated by attractive odors, and inhibition of one or more chemosensory neurons that are inhibited by attractive odors. AWA activates AIA through an electrical synapse, while the disinhibitory pathway acts through glutamatergic chemical synapses. AIA interneurons have bistable electrophysiological properties consistent with their calcium dynamics, suggesting that AIA activation is a stereotyped response to an integrated stimulus. Our results indicate that AIA interneurons combine sensory information using AND-gate logic, requiring coordinated activity from multiple chemosensory neurons. We propose that AIA encodes positive valence based on an integrated sensory state.

scholarly journals Hendra and Nipah Virus Infection in Cultured Human Olfactory Epithelial Cells

mSphere ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Borisevich ◽  
Mehmet Hakan Ozdener ◽  
Bilal Malik ◽  
Barry Rockx
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Neurological Disease ◽  
Nipah Virus ◽  
Hendra Virus ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
A Site

ABSTRACT Henipaviruses are emerging zoonotic pathogens that can cause acute and severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans. The pathways by which henipaviruses enter the central nervous system (CNS) in humans are still unknown. The observation that human olfactory neurons are highly susceptible to infection with henipaviruses demonstrates that the olfactory epithelium can serve as a site of Henipavirus entry into the CNS. Henipaviruses are emerging zoonotic viruses and causative agents of encephalitis in humans. However, the mechanisms of entry into the central nervous system (CNS) in humans are not known. Here, we evaluated the possible role of olfactory epithelium in virus entry into the CNS. We characterized Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) infection of primary human olfactory epithelial cultures. We show that henipaviruses can infect mature olfactory sensory neurons. Henipaviruses replicated efficiently, resulting in cytopathic effect and limited induction of host responses. These results show that human olfactory epithelium is susceptible to infection with henipaviruses, suggesting that this could be a pathway for neuroinvasion in humans. IMPORTANCE Henipaviruses are emerging zoonotic pathogens that can cause acute and severe respiratory and neurological disease in humans. The pathways by which henipaviruses enter the central nervous system (CNS) in humans are still unknown. The observation that human olfactory neurons are highly susceptible to infection with henipaviruses demonstrates that the olfactory epithelium can serve as a site of Henipavirus entry into the CNS.

Toward the Development of a Christian Psychology: Sensation and Perception

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald L. Koteskey
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Image Of God ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Extrasensory Perception ◽  
Christian Perspective ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Meaningful Experiences ◽  
The Image Of God ◽  
The Brain

A Christian perspective on psychology is briefly reviewed. Sensation is seen as emphasizing how humans are similar to animals. Human sensory organs are similar anatomically and physiologically to those of other mammals. Humans are sensitive to similar stimuli and have similar neural pathways to the brain. Perception is seen as emphasizing how humans are created in the image of God. The central nervous system is not simply a passive receiver of sensory inputs, but an organizer of sensations, cognitions, motivations, and emotions into meaningful experiences. Extrasensory perception, meditation, drugs, dreams, and visions are also discussed from this perspective.

Disorders of hearing and balance

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43
Author(s):  
Linda M Luxon
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Hearing Impairment ◽  
Elderly Population ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Eighth Decade

The cochleovestibular system is unique in that the peripheral labyrinth subserves two senses, hearing and balance, while the central auditory and vestibular connections diverge within the central nervous system and interact with a multiplicity of information from other sensory inputs. During the seventh decade of life, approximately 40% of people in Great Britain have a significant hearing impairment while in the eighth decade of life this figure rises to 60%. By the age of 65, 35% of people have experienced episodes of dizziness and by the age of 80, two-thirds of women and one-third of men have suffered episodes of vertigo. The elderly population is reported to be increasing by approximately 30% every 20 years and the prevalence of vertigo and hearing loss has been reported to rise in parallel with advancing age.

The Specificity of Synapse Formation by identified Leech Neurones in culture

1990 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-153
Author(s):  
J. G. NICHOLLS ◽  
Y. LIU ◽  
B. W. PAYTON ◽  
D. P. KUFFLER
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Synapse Formation ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Electrical Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Retzius Cells ◽  
Chemical Synapses ◽  
Electrical Connections

The physiological and fine structural events accompanying synapse formation have been followed while identified neurones of known function make contact in tissue culture. Particular pairs of identified neurones isolated from the central nervous system (CNS) of the leech form chemical synapses; other pairs of cells form nonrectifying electrical junctions, rectifying electrical junctions, mixed chemical and electrical synapses or no synapses at all, depending upon the partners that have been paired. Moreover, certain specific regions on the cell surface (such as the soma, initial cell segment or axon tips) preferentially develop chemical or electrical synapses. Of particular interest are the large, serotonergic Retzius cells that form mixed chemical and electrical synapses in culture, as in the animal. When these cells are juxtaposed at their initial segments, it has been shown that chemical synapses can develop reliably within 6h of contact in culture. Shortly after transmission can be detected physiologically, the principal features of synaptic structure are evident. The physiological and morphological characteristics resemble those of mature synapses studied within the central nervous system. Only at later times, after the chemical synapses have been formed, do electrical connections appear. By contrast, when other specialized regions of the Retzius cells are apposed (the tips of their axons), electrical synapses appear earlier. By comparing the connections that different types of serotonergic neurones make in culture we have been able to assess the role played by the transmitter in determining specificity: the results show that the transmitter does not determine what type of synapse is made on a particular partner. For example, Retzius cells make purely chemical synapses upon the sensory P neurone in culture; other serotonergic neurones (known as DL and VL) make purely electrical connections on this same pressure sensory neurone. Together, these results demonstrate that highly specific cell-cell recognition is a necessary feature of synapse formation after neurones have grown to their appropriate destinations.

scholarly journals The Clinical Test for the Sensory Interaction of Balance

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Integration ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Clinical Test ◽  
Simple Test ◽  
Sensory Interaction ◽  
Sensory Inputs ◽  
Balance System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Sound Processor

ABSTRACT The balance system requires the interaction of appropriate sensory inputs, a sound processor and coordinated outputs. The human body relies primarily on three important sensory inputs, i.e. somatosensory, visual and vestibular. Not only do these inputs provide vital information as regards body orientation and position but also interact with each other so as to provide a balanced fodder for the central nervous system to process. Situations arise in clinical practice wherein patients lack one or more of these inputs, and need to excessively rely on the others for maintaining balance. Such patients may be able to ordinarily maintain their sense of balance during daily activities, and only when exposed to adverse or stressful situations, do they need to practice caution; and then, there are some who do not even have the luxury of managing their daily activities with ease. It is vital for the therapist to assess and identify the weaknesses of a patient as regards the sensory inputs and help them to capitalise on their strengths. The clinical test for the sensory integration of balance is a simple test that has been devised to easily and rapidly assess the dependence of a patient on various inputs and devise a rehabilitative strategy customized to each patient. The test also has other applications besides simply assessing balance inputs and they have been briefly described. How to cite this article Khattar VS, Hathiram BT. The Clinical Test for the Sensory Interaction of Balance. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2012;4(1):41-45.

Are There Parallel Channels in the Vestibular Nerve?

Physiology ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellengene H. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Primary Afferents ◽  
Vestibular Nerve ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Parallel Channels

A popular concept in neurobiology is that sensory information is transmitted to the central nervous system over parallel channels of neurons that play different functional roles. But alternative organizing schemes are possible, and it is useful to ask whether some other framework might better account for the diversity of vestibular primary afferents.

scholarly journals Massive transient damage of the olfactory epithelium associated with infection of sustentacular cells by SARS-CoV-2 in golden Syrian hamsters

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Bryche ◽  
Audrey St Albin ◽  
Severine Murri ◽  
Sandra Lacôte ◽  
Coralie Pulido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Lamina Propria ◽  
Olfactory Epithelium ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Olfactory Neurons ◽  
Syrian Hamsters ◽  
Sustentacular Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Impact

AbstractAnosmia is one of the most prevalent symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the cellular mechanism behind the sudden loss of smell has not yet been investigated. The initial step of odour detection takes place in the pseudostratified olfactory epithelium (OE) mainly composed of olfactory sensory neurons surrounded by supporting cells known as sustentacular cells. The olfactory neurons project their axons to the olfactory bulb in the central nervous system offering a potential pathway for pathogens to enter the central nervous system by bypassing the blood brain barrier. In the present study, we explored the impact of SARS-COV-2 infection on the olfactory system in golden Syrian hamsters. We observed massive damage of the OE as early as 2 days post nasal instillation of SARS-CoV-2, resulting in a major loss of cilia necessary for odour detection. These damages were associated with infection of a large proportion of sustentacular cells but not of olfactory neurons, and we did not detect any presence of the virus in the olfactory bulbs. We observed massive infiltration of immune cells in the OE and lamina propria of infected animals, which may contribute to the desquamation of the OE. The OE was partially restored 14 days post infection. Anosmia observed in COVID-19 patient is therefore likely to be linked to a massive and fast desquamation of the OE following sustentacular cells infection with SARS-CoV-2 and subsequent recruitment of immune cells in the OE and lamina propria.

Grasp stability during manipulative actions

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 511-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland S. Johansson ◽  
Kelly J. Cole
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Precision Grip ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Parameter Control ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Grasp Stability ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Fingertip Forces

The control of adequate contact forces between the skin and an object (grasp stability) is examined for two classes of prehensile actions that employ a precision grip: lifting objects that are "passive" (subject only to inertial forces and gravity) and preventing "active" objects from moving. For manipulating either passive or active objects the relevant fingertip forces are determined by at least two control processes. "Anticipatory parameter control" is a feedforward controller that specifies the values for motor command parameters on the basis of predictions of critical characteristics, such as object weight and skin–object friction, and initial condition information. Through vision, for instance, common objects can be identified in terms of the fingertip forces necessary for a successful lift according to previous experiences. After contact with the object, sensory information representing discrete mechanical events at the fingertips can (i) automatically modify the motor commands, (ii) update sensorimotor memories supporting the anticipatory parameter control policy, (iii) inform the central nervous system about completion of the goal for each action phase, and (iv) trigger commands for the task's sequential phases. Hence, the central nervous system monitors specific, more or less expected peripheral sensory events to produce control signals that are appropriate for the task at its current phase. The control is based on neural modelling of the entire dynamics of the control process that predicts the appropriate output for several steps ahead. This "discrete-event, sensor-driven control" is distinguished from feedback or other continuous regulation. Using these two control processes, slips are avoided at each digit by independent control mechanisms that specify commands and process sensory information on a local, digit-specific basis. This scheme obviates explicit coordination of the digits and is employed when independent nervous systems lift objects. The force coordination across digits is an emergent property of the local control mechanisms operating over the same time span.Key words: precision grip, hand, grasp stability, grasp force, tactile afferents.

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