scholarly journals Flies exploit predictable perspectives and backgrounds to enhance iridescent signal salience and mating success

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. White ◽  
Nina Vogel-Ghibely ◽  
Nathan J. Butterworth
Keyword(s):  
Mating Success ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Noisy Environments ◽  
Signal Efficacy ◽  
Signal Salience ◽  
Effective Transmission

AbstractCommunication requires both the encoding of information and its effective transmission, but little is known about display traits that primarily serve to enhance efficacy. Here we examined the visual courtships of Lispe cana, a cursorial fly that lives and mates in heterogeneous foreshores, and tested the prediction that males should seek to enhance signal salience and consequent fitness through the flexible choice of display locations. We show that courting males access the field of view of females by straddling them and holding their wings closed, before moving ahead to present their structurally coloured faces in ritualised dances. Males preferentially present these UV-white signals against darker backgrounds, and the magnitude of contrast predicts female attention, which in turn predict mating success. Our results demonstrate a striking interplay between the physical and attentional manipulation of receivers and reveal novel routes to the enhancement of signal efficacy in noisy environments.

scholarly journals A signal-substrate match in the substrate-borne component of a multimodal courtship display

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian O. Elias ◽  
Andrew C. Mason ◽  
Eileen A. Hebets
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Wolf Spider ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Signal Efficacy ◽  
Dependent Signal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effective Transmission

Abstract The environment can impose strong limitations on the efficacy of signal transmission. In particular, for vibratory communication, the signaling environment is often extremely heterogeneous at small scales. Nevertheless, natural selection is expected to select for signals well-suited for effective transmission. Here, we test for substrate-dependent signal efficacy in the wolf spider Schizocosa stridulans Stratton 1991. We first explore the transmission characteristics of this important signaling modality by playing recorded substrate-borne signals through three different substrates (leaf litter, pine litter, and red clay) and measuring the propagated signal. We found that the substrate-borne signal of S. stridulans attenuates the least on leaf litter, the substrate upon which the species is naturally found. Next, by assessing mating success with artificially muted and non-muted males across different signaling substrates (leaf litter, pine litter, and sand), we explored the relationship between substrate-borne signaling and signaling substrate for mating success. We found that muted males were unsuccessful in obtaining copulations regardless of substrate, while mating success was dependent on the signaling substrate for non-muted males. For non-muted males, more males copulated on leaf litter than any other substrate. Taken together, these results confirm the importance of substrate- borne signaling in S. stridulans and suggest a match between signal properties and signal efficacy – leaf litter transmits the signal most effectively and males are most successful in obtaining copulations on leaf litter.

scholarly journals Trade-off between warning signal efficacy and mating success in the wood tiger moth

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1727) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ossi Nokelainen ◽  
Robert H. Hegna ◽  
Joanneke H. Reudler ◽  
Carita Lindstedt ◽  
Johanna Mappes
Keyword(s):  
Mating Success ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
White Males ◽  
Survival Selection ◽  
Signal Efficacy ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Tiger Moth ◽  
Sexual Signalling ◽  
Colour Morphs

The coloration of species can have multiple functions, such as predator avoidance and sexual signalling, that directly affect fitness. As selection should favour traits that positively affect fitness, the genes underlying the trait should reach fixation, thereby preventing the evolution of polymorphisms. This is particularly true for aposematic species that rely on coloration as a warning signal to advertise their unprofitability to predators. Nonetheless, there are numerous examples of aposematic species showing remarkable colour polymorphisms. We examined whether colour polymorphism in the wood tiger moth is maintained by trade-offs between different functions of coloration. In Finland, males of this species have two distinct colour morphs: white and yellow. The efficacy of the warning signal of these morphs was tested by offering them to blue tits in the laboratory. Birds hesitated significantly longer to attack yellow than white males. In a field experiment, the survival of the yellow males was also higher than white males. However, mating experiments in the laboratory revealed that yellow males had lower mating success than white males. Our results offer an explanation for the maintenance of polymorphism via trade-off between survival selection and mating success.

scholarly journals Visual effects in great bowerbird sexual displays and their implications for signal design

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1783) ◽  
pp. 20140235 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Endler ◽  
Julie Gaburro ◽  
Laura A. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Mating Success ◽  
Threshold Effect ◽  
Chromatic Adaptation ◽  
Signal Design ◽  
Sexual Display ◽  
Signal Efficacy ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Multicomponent Signals ◽  
Courtship Displays

It is often assumed that the primary purpose of a male's sexual display is to provide information about quality, or to strongly stimulate prospective mates, but other functions of courtship displays have been relatively neglected. Male great bowerbirds ( Ptilonorhynchus nuchalis ) construct bowers that exploit the female's predictable field of view (FOV) during courtship displays by creating forced perspective illusions, and the quality of illusion is a good predictor of mating success. Here, we present and discuss two additional components of male courtship displays that use the female's predetermined viewpoint: (i) the rapid and diverse flashing of coloured objects within her FOV and (ii) chromatic adaptation of the female's eyes that alters her perception of the colour of the displayed objects. Neither is directly related to mating success, but both are likely to increase signal efficacy, and may also be associated with attracting and holding the female's attention. Signal efficacy is constrained by trade-offs between the signal components; there are both positive and negative interactions within multicomponent signals. Important signal components may have a threshold effect on fitness rather than the often assumed linear relationship.

scholarly journals Flies Exploit Predictable Perspectives and Backgrounds to Enhance Iridescent Signal Salience and Mating Success

2020 ◽  
Vol 195 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. White ◽  
Nina Vogel-Ghibely ◽  
Nathan J. Butterworth
Keyword(s):  
Mating Success ◽  
Signal Salience

Very High Resolution Analysis of the Dynamics of a Coronal Plasmoid

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 593-596
Author(s):  
O. Bouchard ◽  
S. Koutchmy ◽  
L. November ◽  
J.-C. Vial ◽  
J. B. Zirker
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Total Solar Eclipse ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Small Field ◽  
High Resolution Analysis ◽  
Ccd Observations ◽  
Resolution Analysis ◽  
Very High ◽  
Small Field Of View

AbstractWe present the results of the analysis of a movie taken over a small field of view in the intermediate corona at a spatial resolution of 0.5“, a temporal resolution of 1 s and a spectral passband of 7 nm. These CCD observations were made at the prime focus of the 3.6 m aperture CFHT telescope during the 1991 total solar eclipse.

Dynamic Scanning Electron Microscopy of Small Particles

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 280-281
Author(s):  
W. Krakow ◽  
W. C. Nixon
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Time Sequence ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Video Tape ◽  
Small Particles ◽  
Polystyrene Spheres ◽  
Field Distributions ◽  
Dynamic Scanning ◽  
Scanning Electron

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) can be run at television scanning rates and used with a video tape recorder to observe dynamic specimen changes. With a conventional tungsten source, a low noise TV image is obtained with a field of view sufficient to cover the area of the specimen to be recorded. Contrast and resolution considerations have been elucidated and many changing specimens have been studied at TV rates.To extend the work on measuring the magnitude of charge and field distributions of small particles in the SEM, we have investigated their motion and electrostatic interaction at TV rates. Fig. 1 shows a time sequence of polystyrene spheres on a conducting grating surface inclined to the microscope axis. In (la) there are four particles present in the field of view, while in (lb) a fifth particle has moved into view.

STM studies of crystal growth

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
M. G. Lagally
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Growth ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Sputter Deposition ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Wide Field ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Wide Field Of View ◽  
The One

It has been recognized since the earliest days of crystal growth that kinetic processes of all Kinds control the nature of the growth. As the technology of crystal growth has become ever more refined, with the advent of such atomistic processes as molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, sputter deposition, and plasma enhanced techniques for the creation of “crystals” as little as one or a few atomic layers thick, multilayer structures, and novel materials combinations, the need to understand the mechanisms controlling the growth process is becoming more critical. Unfortunately, available techniques have not lent themselves well to obtaining a truly microscopic picture of such processes. Because of its atomic resolution on the one hand, and the achievable wide field of view on the other (of the order of micrometers) scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) gives us this opportunity. In this talk, we briefly review the types of growth kinetics measurements that can be made using STM. The use of STM for studies of kinetics is one of the more recent applications of what is itself still a very young field.

A High Resolution Scanning Microscope

1968 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 356-357
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe ◽  
J. Wall ◽  
L. M. Welter
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Spherical Aberration ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Spot Size ◽  
Emission Source ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Magnetic Lens ◽  
High Quality

A scanning microscope using a field emission source has been described elsewhere. This microscope has now been improved by replacing the single magnetic lens with a high quality lens of the type described by Ruska. This lens has a focal length of 1 mm and a spherical aberration coefficient of 0.5 mm. The final spot size, and therefore the microscope resolution, is limited by the aberration of this lens to about 6 Å.The lens has been constructed very carefully, maintaining a tolerance of + 1 μ on all critical surfaces. The gun is prealigned on the lens to form a compact unit. The only mechanical adjustments are those which control the specimen and the tip positions. The microscope can be used in two modes. With the lens off and the gun focused on the specimen, the resolution is 250 Å over an undistorted field of view of 2 mm. With the lens on,the resolution is 20 Å or better over a field of view of 40 microns. The magnification can be accurately varied by attenuating the raster current.

Ratio imaging of intracellular ion concentration

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1160-1161
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Bolsover
Keyword(s):  
Individual Cell ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Fluorescence Signal ◽  
Ion Imaging ◽  
Ratiometric Fluorescence ◽  
Ratio Imaging ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Many

The field of intracellular ion concentration measurement expanded greatly in the 1980's due primarily to the development by Roger Tsien of ratiometric fluorescence dyes. These dyes have many applications, and in particular they make possible to image ion concentrations: to produce maps of the ion concentration within living cells. Ion imagers comprise a fluorescence microscope, an imaging light detector such as a video camera, and a computer system to process the fluorescence signal and display the map of ion concentration.Ion imaging can be used for two distinct purposes. In the first, the imager looks at a field of cells, measuring the mean ion concentration in each cell of the many in the field of view. One can then, for instance, challenge the cells with an agonist and examine the response of each individual cell. Ion imagers are not necessary for this sort of experiment: one can instead use a system that measures the mean ion concentration in a just one cell at any one time. However, they are very much more convenient.

Electron holography of p-n junctions

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 974-975
Author(s):  
B.G. Frost ◽  
D.C. Joy ◽  
L.F. Allard ◽  
E. Voelkl
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
Image Plane ◽  
Reference Wave ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Control Mode ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Electron Holography

A wide holographic field of view (up to 15 μm in the Hitachi-HF2000) is achieved in a TEM by switching off the objective lens and imaging the sample by the first intermediate lens. Fig.1 shows the corresponding ray diagram for low magnification image plane off-axis holography. A coherent electron beam modulated by the sample in its amplitude and its phase is superimposed on a plane reference wave by a negatively biased Möllenstedt-type biprism.Our holograms are acquired utilizing a Hitachi HF-2000 field emission electron microscope at 200 kV. Essential for holography are a field emission gun and an electron biprism. At low magnification, the excitation of each lens must be appropriately adjusted by the free lens control mode of the microscope. The holograms are acquired by a 1024 by 1024 slow-scan CCD-camera and processed by the “Holoworks” software. The hologram fringes indicate positively and negatively charged areas in a sample by the direction of the fringe bending (Fig.2).

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