scholarly journals An NMDA-R mediated short-term memory resistant to anesthesia in adult Danio rerio

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gokul Rajan ◽  
Joby Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Adult Zebrafish ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Vertebrate Model

ABSTRACTMemory in animals is labile in the early phase post-training. Memory in the early phase has been shown to be disrupted by treatments such as electroconvulsive shock or cold-shock (Quinn and Dudai, 1976). Using hypothermic shock and other pharmacological interventions, the various underlying memory pathways in Drosophila can be identified as an immediate short-lasting anesthesia sensitive memory and a delayed anesthesia resistant memory which is followed by a more stable protein synthesis dependent long-term memory (Margulies et al., 2005). In another ectothermic animal, Danio rerio, a popular vertebrate model, we ask if such a memory component exists which is sensitive to hypothermic disruption. To test this, we developed a fear conditioning assay with a green light at the bottom of the tank as the conditioned stimulus (CS) and electric shock as the unconditioned stimulus (US). We also standardized a cold anesthesia protocol in adult zebrafish to induce stage V anesthesia. The learning/memory was found to be NMDA-R mediated. Cold anesthesia as well as tricaine mediated anesthesia did not significantly affect the early-acting memory trace induced by a fear-conditioning protocol in adult zebrafish. We suggest future directions to tease out the underlying memory components in the early phase of memory in zebrafish.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

Comparison of Auditory, Language, Memory, and Attention Abilities in Children With and Without Listening Difficulties

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 710-727
Author(s):  
Beula M. Magimairaj ◽  
Naveen K. Nagaraj ◽  
Alexander V. Sergeev ◽  
Natalie J. Benafield
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory And Attention ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Objectives School-age children with and without parent-reported listening difficulties (LiD) were compared on auditory processing, language, memory, and attention abilities. The objective was to extend what is known so far in the literature about children with LiD by using multiple measures and selective novel measures across the above areas. Design Twenty-six children who were reported by their parents as having LiD and 26 age-matched typically developing children completed clinical tests of auditory processing and multiple measures of language, attention, and memory. All children had normal-range pure-tone hearing thresholds bilaterally. Group differences were examined. Results In addition to significantly poorer speech-perception-in-noise scores, children with LiD had reduced speed and accuracy of word retrieval from long-term memory, poorer short-term memory, sentence recall, and inferencing ability. Statistically significant group differences were of moderate effect size; however, standard test scores of children with LiD were not clinically poor. No statistically significant group differences were observed in attention, working memory capacity, vocabulary, and nonverbal IQ. Conclusions Mild signal-to-noise ratio loss, as reflected by the group mean of children with LiD, supported the children's functional listening problems. In addition, children's relative weakness in select areas of language performance, short-term memory, and long-term memory lexical retrieval speed and accuracy added to previous research on evidence-based areas that need to be evaluated in children with LiD who almost always have heterogenous profiles. Importantly, the functional difficulties faced by children with LiD in relation to their test results indicated, to some extent, that commonly used assessments may not be adequately capturing the children's listening challenges. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12808607

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

scholarly journals An Approach toward the Development of a Functional Encoding Model of Short Term Memory during Reading

1978 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Mary Anne Herndon
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Information Unit ◽  
Subsequent Storage

In a model of the functioning of short term memory, the encoding of information for subsequent storage in long term memory is simulated. In the encoding process, semantically equivalent paragraphs are detected for recombination into a macro information unit. This recombination process can be used to relieve the limited storage capacity constraint of short term memory and subsequently increase processing efficiency. The results of the simulation give a favorable indication of the success for the use of cluster analysis as a tool to simulate the encoding function in the detection of semantically similar paragraphs.

scholarly journals Remember like humans

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 172988141769231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning An ◽  
Shi-Ying Sun ◽  
Xiao-Guang Zhao ◽  
Zeng-Guang Hou
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Sensory Memory ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Observation Model ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Register

Visual tracking is a challenging computer vision task due to the significant observation changes of the target. By contrast, the tracking task is relatively easy for humans. In this article, we propose a tracker inspired by the cognitive psychological memory mechanism, which decomposes the tracking task into sensory memory register, short-term memory tracker, and long-term memory tracker like humans. The sensory memory register captures information with three-dimensional perception; the short-term memory tracker builds the highly plastic observation model via memory rehearsal; the long-term memory tracker builds the highly stable observation model via memory encoding and retrieval. With the cooperative models, the tracker can easily handle various tracking scenarios. In addition, an appearance-shape learning method is proposed to update the two-dimensional appearance model and three-dimensional shape model appropriately. Extensive experimental results on a large-scale benchmark data set demonstrate that the proposed method outperforms the state-of-the-art two-dimensional and three-dimensional trackers in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and robustness.

scholarly journals The Relative Kicking Frequency of Infants Born Full-term and Preterm During Learning and Short-term and Long-term Memory Periods of the Mobile Paradigm

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill C Heathcock ◽  
Anjana N Bhat ◽  
Michele A Lobo ◽  
James (Cole) Galloway
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Lack Of Control ◽  
Specific Manner

Abstract Background and Purpose. Infants born preterm differ in their spontaneous kicking, as well as their learning and memory abilities in the mobile paradigm, compared with infants born full-term. In the mobile paradigm, a supine infant's ankle is tethered to a mobile so that leg kicks cause a proportional amount of mobile movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relative kicking frequency of the tethered (right) and nontethered (left) legs in these 2 groups of infants. Subjects. Ten infants born full-term and 10 infants born preterm (<33 weeks gestational age, <2,500 g) and 10 comparison infants participated in the study. Methods. The relative kicking frequencies of the tethered and nontethered legs were analyzed during learning and short-term and long-term memory periods of the mobile paradigm. Results. Infants born full-term showed an increase in the relative kicking frequency of the tethered leg during the learning period and the short-term memory period but not for the long-term memory period. Infants born preterm did not show a change in kicking pattern for learning or memory periods, and consistently kicked both legs in relatively equal amounts. Discussion and Conclusion. Infants born full-term adapted their baseline kicking frequencies in a task-specific manner to move the mobile and then retained this adaptation for the short-term memory period. In contrast, infants born preterm showed no adaptation, suggesting a lack of purposeful leg control. This lack of control may reflect a general decrease in the ability of infants born preterm to use their limb movements to interact with their environment. As such, the mobile paradigm may be clinically useful in the early assessment and intervention of infants born preterm and at risk for future impairment.

Effect of Context on Transfer of Information from Short- to Long-Term Memory

1974 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-501
Author(s):  
Gilbert B. Tunnell ◽  
Philippe R. Falkenberg
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Memory Model ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Interference Theory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Encoding Specificity ◽  
Transfer Of Information

Manipulation of the context in a short-term memory paradigm produces changes in the ability to recognize the same material from long-term memory 24 hr. later. If immediate recall is accurate, later recognition is improved if this recall is conducted with the same context as occurred at learning. If immediate recall is completely inaccurate, later recognition is improved if this recall is conducted with different context than was present at learning. Short-term recall did not need to be accurate to transfer the learned nonsense trigrams to long-term memory. Manipulation of context 24 hr. after learning had no effect on recognition. Results are discussed in terms of the Waugh and Norman memory model, Tulving's encoding specificity hypothesis, and interference theory.

Selective Performance Effects of Nitrous Oxide

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Biersner
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Subjective Effects ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Hand Tool ◽  
Performance Effects

Twenty-one U.S. Navy divers were given several standard visual tests, the Purdue Peg-board, the Bennett Hand Tool Dexterity Test, and the Wechsler Memory Scale while breathing air or 30% nitrous oxide. The results showed that visual function, fine and gross motor performance, and long-term memory were normal under nitrous oxide, while learning and short-term memory were significantly impaired. The subjective effects of breathing nitrous oxide were similar to those experienced during compressed air narcosis. The selective impairment of short-term memory suggests that divers might be able to perform useful work at depths deeper than those currently authorized, provided the tasks were well learned and practiced.

scholarly journals Memory Consolidation for Contextual and Auditory Fear Conditioning Is Dependent on Protein Synthesis, PKA, and MAP Kinase

1999 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn E. Schafe ◽  
Nicole V. Nadel ◽  
Gregory M. Sullivan ◽  
Alexander Harris ◽  
Joseph E. LeDoux
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Map Kinase ◽  
Fear Conditioning ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Fear Memory ◽  
Term Memory

Fear conditioning has received extensive experimental attention. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that underlie fear memory consolidation. Previous studies have shown that long-term potentiation (LTP) exists in pathways known to be relevant to fear conditioning and that fear conditioning modifies neural processing in these pathways in a manner similar to LTP induction. The present experiments examined whether inhibition of protein synthesis, PKA, and MAP kinase activity, treatments that block LTP, also interfere with the consolidation of fear conditioning. Rats were injected intraventricularly with Anisomycin (100 or 300 μg), Rp-cAMPS (90 or 180 μg), or PD098059 (1 or 3 μg) prior to conditioning and assessed for retention of contextual and auditory fear memory both within an hour and 24 hr later. Results indicated that injection of these compounds selectively interfered with long-term memory for contextual and auditory fear, while leaving short-term memory intact. Additional control groups indicated that this effect was likely due to impaired memory consolidation rather than to nonspecific effects of the drugs on fear expression. Results suggest that fear conditioning and LTP may share common molecular mechanisms.

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