Possible Effects of Strong Interactions in Feinberg-Pais Theory of Weak Interactions. II

1964 ◽  
Vol 134 (4B) ◽  
pp. B896-B900 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. Chang ◽  
H. S. Mani
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Strong Interactions

scholarly journals The Nature of Triel Bonds, a Case of B and Al Centres Bonded with Electron Rich Sites

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sławomir J. Grabowski
Keyword(s):  
Lewis Acids ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Lewis Base ◽  
Basis Set ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Orbital Method ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Moller Plesset ◽  
Intermolecular Distances ◽  
Base Units

The second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory calculations with the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set were performed on complexes of triel species: BCl3, BH3, AlCl3, and AlH3 acting as Lewis acids through the B or Al centre with Lewis base units: NCH, N2, NH3, and Cl− anion. These complexes are linked by triel bonds: B/Al⋅⋅⋅N or B/Al⋅⋅⋅Cl. The Quantum Theory of ´Atoms in Molecules´ approach, Natural Bond Orbital method, and the decomposition of energy of interaction were applied to characterise the latter links. The majority of complexes are connected through strong interactions possessing features of covalent bonds and characterised by short intermolecular distances, often below 2 Å. The BCl3⋅⋅⋅N2 complex is linked by a weak interaction corresponding to the B⋅⋅⋅N distance of ~3 Å. For the BCl3⋅⋅⋅NCH complex, two configurations corresponding to local energetic minima are observed, one characterised by a short B⋅⋅⋅N distance and a strong interaction and another one characterised by a longer B⋅⋅⋅N distance and a weak triel bond. The tetrahedral triel structure is observed for complexes linked by strong triel bonds, while, for complexes connected by weak interactions, the structure is close to the trigonal pyramid, particularly observed for the BCl3⋅⋅⋅N2 complex.

Possible Effects of Strong Interactions in the Feinberg-Pais Theory of Weak Interactions

1964 ◽  
Vol 133 (2B) ◽  
pp. B454-B456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngee-Pong Chang
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Strong Interactions

Electroweak Interactions and W, Z Boson Properties

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten Boonekamp ◽  
Matthias Schott
Keyword(s):  
Standard Model ◽  
Weak Interaction ◽  
Top Quark ◽  
Quantum Electrodynamics ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Higgs Field ◽  
Nuclear Research ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Weak Boson ◽  
The Standard Model

With the huge success of quantum electrodynamics (QED) to describe electromagnetic interactions in nature, several attempts have been made to extend the concept of gauge theories to the other known fundamental interactions. It was realized in the late 1960s that electromagnetic and weak interactions can be described by a single unified gauge theory. In addition to the photon, the single mediator of the electromagnetic interaction, this theory predicted new, heavy particles responsible for the weak interaction, namely the W and the Z bosons. A scalar field, the Higgs field, was introduced to generate their mass. The discovery of the mediators of the weak interaction in 1983, at the European Center for Nuclear Research (CERN), marked a breakthrough in fundamental physics and opened the door to more precise tests of the Standard Model. Subsequent measurements of the weak boson properties allowed the mass of the top quark and of the Higgs Boson to be predicted before their discovery. Nowadays, these measurements are used to further probe the consistency of the Standard Model, and to place constrains on theories attempting to answer still open questions in physics, such as the presence of dark matter in the universe or unification of the electroweak and strong interactions with gravity.

A NEW THEORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC, WEAK AND STRONG INTERACTIONS

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (03) ◽  
pp. 177-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
SOKRATES T. PANTELIDES
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Structure Constant ◽  
Fine Structure Constant ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Gauge Bosons ◽  
Lepton Pairs ◽  
Mixing Angle ◽  
Yang Mills ◽  
Photon Field ◽  
New Interpretation

The Higgs mechanism for imparting masses to gauge bosons and matter particles is obviated by showing that Yang–Mills gauge bosons have intrinsic nonzero masses (rest-frame energies) from self-interactions. Electroweak (EW) mixing is ruled out because it produces a photon field that is massive, carries EW charge, and does not satisfy Maxwell's equations. Other fundamental difficulties of the Standard Model are identified. A new gauge theory of electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions is derived from the Dirac equation with no other postulates and no free parameters. The three forces are intrinsically unified, the photon field is Maxwellian, weak interactions derive from spin (not isospin), and the weak and strong bosons are naturally massive and chiral. Charge is naturally quantized to integral values. Three generations of lepton pairs and elementary-hadron pairs, all with integral charges, are predicted, contradicting the phenomenology of fractional quark charges, but in full accord with experimental data on weak and strong processes and composite hadrons. Neutrinos are massive. The Dirac masses, the fine structure constant, neutrino oscillations and Cabibbo mixing are shown to have a common origin in the gravitational field. The new theory leads to a new interpretation of "negative energies" with cosmological implications. Finally, it is shown that key expressions of the EW formalism agree with those of the new theory and with experiments only if the mixing angle θ is given by sin 2 θ = 0.25, which accounts for the EW model's successes.

Unification of Strong-Weak Interactions and Possible Unified Scheme of Four-Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Fang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Unified Theories ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

First, various known unified theories of interactions in particle physics are reviewed. Next, strong and weak interactions are all short-range, which should more be unified. Except different action ranges their main character is: strong interactions are attraction each other, and weak interactions are mutual repulsion and derive decay. We propose a possible method on their unification, whose coupling constants are negative and positive, respectively. Further, we propose a figure on the unification of the four basic interactions in three-dimensional space, and search some possible tests and predictions, for example, strong-weak interactions transform each other, some waves may be produced. Finally, based on the simplest unified gauge group GL(6,C) of four-interactions, a possible form of Lagrangian is researched. Some relations and equations of different interactions are discussed.

Quark strong interactions as a possible mechanism of symmetry breaking in weak interactions

1979 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 371-374
Author(s):  
A.A. Anselm
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Strong Interactions

Development Of Miscible Blends From Intrapolymer Repulsive Interactions: Polycarbonate/Polystyrene Ionomers

1996 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Xie ◽  
R. A. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Sulfonated Polystyrene ◽  
Bisphenol A Polycarbonate ◽  
Critical Solution Temperature ◽  
Miscible Blends ◽  
Upper Critical Solution Temperature ◽  
Repulsive Interactions

ABSTRACTThe phase behavior of blends of zinc sulfonated polystyrene (ZnSPS) and bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) was studied as a function of the sulfonation level and the molecular weight of the ZnSPS ionomer. The system exhibits upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior. The cloud point temperatures increased with increasing ZnSPS molecular weight and decreased with increasing sulfonation level. No strong interactions between ZnSPS and PC were detected by FTIR. The composition dependence of the glass transition temperatures of the miscible blends exhibited negative deviation from linear additi vity, which is consistent with no or weak interactions between ZnSPS and PC. Miscibility is believed to arise from strong repulsive interactions between the charged and uncharged species on the ionomer chain.

scholarly journals Strong Interactions as a Possible Mediator of Weak Interactions

1967 ◽  
Vol 163 (5) ◽  
pp. 1611-1613 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Halpern
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Strong Interactions

Conformational polymorphs of 3-cyclopropyl-5-(3-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-7-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
Svitlana V. Shishkina ◽  
Irina S. Konovalova ◽  
Svitlana S. Kovalenko ◽  
Lyudmila L. Nikolaeva ◽  
Natalya D. Bunyatyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Isoamyl Alcohol ◽  
Lattice Energy ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Polymorphic Form ◽  
Structural Motif ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Monoclinic Structure ◽  
Orthorhombic Structure ◽  
Polymorphic Forms

The dipharmacophore compound 3-cyclopropyl-5-(3-methyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-7-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole, C12H11N5O, was studied on the assumption of its potential biological activity. Two polymorphic forms differ in both their molecular and crystal structures. The monoclinic polymorphic form was crystallized from more volatile solvents and contains a conformer with a higher relative energy. The basic molecule forms an abundance of interactions with relatively close energies. The orthorhombic polymorph was crystallized very slowly from isoamyl alcohol and contains a conformer with a much lower energy. The basic molecule forms two strong interactions and a large number of weak interactions. Stacking interactions of the `head-to-head' type in the monoclinic structure and of the `head-to-tail' type in the orthorhombic structure proved to be the strongest and form stacked columns in the two polymorphs. The main structural motif of the monoclinic structure is a double column where two stacked columns interact through weak C—H...N hydrogen bonds and dispersive interactions. In the orthorhombic structure, a single stacked column is the main structural motif. Periodic calculations confirmed that the orthorhombic structure obtained by slow evaporation has a lower lattice energy (0.97 kcal mol−1) compared to the monoclinic structure.

scholarly journals A Composite Perspective of the Extratropical Flow Response to Recurving Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (4) ◽  
pp. 1122-1141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Archambault ◽  
Daniel Keyser ◽  
Lance F. Bosart ◽  
Christopher A. Davis ◽  
Jason M. Cordeira
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Western North Pacific ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Wave Train ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Flow Response ◽  
Flow Interactions

Abstract This study investigates the composite extratropical flow response to recurving western North Pacific tropical cyclones (WNP TCs), and the dependence of this response on the strength of the TC–extratropical flow interaction as defined by the negative potential vorticity advection (PV) by the irrotational wind associated with the TC. The 2.5° NCEP–NCAR reanalysis is used to construct composite analyses of all 1979–2009 recurving WNP TCs and of subsets that undergo strong and weak TC–extratropical flow interactions. Findings indicate that recurving WNP TCs are associated with the amplification of a preexisting Rossby wave train (RWT) that disperses downstream and modifies the large-scale flow pattern over North America. This RWT affects approximately 240° of longitude and persists for approximately 10 days. Recurving TCs associated with strong TC–extratropical flow interactions are associated with a stronger extratropical flow response than those associated with weak TC–extratropical flow interactions. Compared with weak interactions, strong interactions feature a more distinct upstream trough, stronger and broader divergent outflow associated with stronger midlevel frontogenesis and forcing for ascent over and northeast of the TC, and stronger upper-level PV frontogenesis that promotes more pronounced jet streak intensification. During strong interactions, divergent outflow helps anchor and amplify a downstream ridge, thereby amplifying a preexisting RWT from Asia that disperses downstream to North America. In contrast, during weak interactions, divergent outflow weakly amplifies a downstream ridge, such that a RWT briefly amplifies in situ before dissipating over the western-central North Pacific.

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