Unification of Strong-Weak Interactions and Possible Unified Scheme of Four-Interactions

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Fang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Unified Theories ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

First, various known unified theories of interactions in particle physics are reviewed. Next, strong and weak interactions are all short-range, which should more be unified. Except different action ranges their main character is: strong interactions are attraction each other, and weak interactions are mutual repulsion and derive decay. We propose a possible method on their unification, whose coupling constants are negative and positive, respectively. Further, we propose a figure on the unification of the four basic interactions in three-dimensional space, and search some possible tests and predictions, for example, strong-weak interactions transform each other, some waves may be produced. Finally, based on the simplest unified gauge group GL(6,C) of four-interactions, a possible form of Lagrangian is researched. Some relations and equations of different interactions are discussed.

A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL LATTICES

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (25) ◽  
pp. 1301-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREI DOLOCAN ◽  
VOICU OCTAVIAN DOLOCAN ◽  
VOICU DOLOCAN
Keyword(s):  
Lattice Constant ◽  
Cohesive Energy ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Dimensional Lattice ◽  
Analytical Formulae ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

By using a new Hamiltonian of interaction we have calculated the interaction energy for two-dimensional and three-dimensional lattices. We present also, approximate analytical formulae and the analytical formulae for the constant of the elastic force. The obtained results show that in the three-dimensional space, the two-dimensional lattice has the lattice constant and the cohesive energy which are smaller than that of the three-dimensional lattice. For appropriate values of the coupling constants, the two-dimensional lattice in a two-dimensional space has both the lattice constant and the cohesive energy, larger than that of the two-dimensional lattice in a three-dimensional space; this means that if there is a two-dimensional space in the Universe, this should be thinner than the three-dimensional space, while the interaction forces should be stronger. On the other hand, if the coupling constant in the two-dimensional lattice in the two-dimensional space is close to zero, the cohesive energy should be comparable with the cohesive energy from three-dimensional space but this two-dimensional space does not emit but absorbs radiation.

scholarly journals Negative Matter as Unified Dark Matter and Dark ‎Energy: Simplest Model, Theory and Nine Tests

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-54
Author(s):  
Yi-Fang Chang ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Dark Energy ◽  
Weak Interactions ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
Field Equations ◽  
Wave Particle Duality

Based on Dirac’s negative energy, we propose and study the negative matter. Bondi’s results are wrong. First, the negative matter can be the simplest model of unified dark matter and dark energy. Next, we discuss various possible theories of the negative matter: some field equations, similar electrodynamics, field equations with non-symmetry, etc. Third, the quantum theory of negative matter is researched. Matter surrounded by dark-negative matter corresponds to an infinitely deep potential trap in quantum mechanics and forms a base of the universal wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. Fourth, we propose the mechanism of inflation as the origin of positive-negative matters created from nothing. Fifth, assume that dark matter is completely the negative matter, and we may calculate an evolutional ratio between total matter and usual matter from 1 of inflation and the radiation-dominated universe to 7.88 of the present matter-dominated universe. It agrees with the observed value 6.36~7. Sixth, we research the relativity of the negative matter and theory in Lobachevskian geometry. Seventh, we propose a judgment test of the negative matter as dark matter is opposite repulsive lensing and other eight possible tests. Eighty, we propose a figure on the unification of the four basic interactions in three-dimensional space, in which the “running” coupling constants of strong and weak interactions transform each other. The negative matter as a candidate of unification of dark matter and dark energy is not only the simplest, and may explain inflation and be calculated and tested.

Extension of the Spatial PDI Model to Three Dimensions

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-178
Author(s):  
Frank O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Finite Lattice ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Lower And Upper Bounds ◽  
Density Index ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

The author's population density index ( PDI) model is extended to three-dimensional distributions. A derived formula is presented that allows for the calculation of the lower and upper bounds of density in three-dimensional space for any finite lattice.

A Peptoid with Extended Shape in Water

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jumpei Morimoto ◽  
Yasuhiro Fukuda ◽  
Takumu Watanabe ◽  
Daisuke Kuroda ◽  
Kouhei Tsumoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Biomolecular Recognition ◽  
Biological Application ◽  
New Class ◽  
Proteolytic Resistance ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Properties ◽  
Optically Pure ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

<div> <div> <div> <p>“Peptoids” was proposed, over decades ago, as a term describing analogs of peptides that exhibit better physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties than peptides. Oligo-(N-substituted glycines) (oligo-NSG) was previously proposed as a peptoid due to its high proteolytic resistance and membrane permeability. However, oligo-NSG is conformationally flexible and is difficult to achieve a defined shape in water. This conformational flexibility is severely limiting biological application of oligo-NSG. Here, we propose oligo-(N-substituted alanines) (oligo-NSA) as a new peptoid that forms a defined shape in water. A synthetic method established in this study enabled the first isolation and conformational study of optically pure oligo-NSA. Computational simulations, crystallographic studies and spectroscopic analysis demonstrated the well-defined extended shape of oligo-NSA realized by backbone steric effects. The new class of peptoid achieves the constrained conformation without any assistance of N-substituents and serves as an ideal scaffold for displaying functional groups in well-defined three-dimensional space, which leads to effective biomolecular recognition. </p> </div> </div> </div>

scholarly journals Quantitative image analysis of microbial communities with BiofilmQ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raimo Hartmann ◽  
Hannah Jeckel ◽  
Eric Jelli ◽  
Praveen K. Singh ◽  
Sanika Vaidya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Image Cytometry ◽  
Quantitative Image Analysis ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Quantitative Image ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

AbstractBiofilms are microbial communities that represent a highly abundant form of microbial life on Earth. Inside biofilms, phenotypic and genotypic variations occur in three-dimensional space and time; microscopy and quantitative image analysis are therefore crucial for elucidating their functions. Here, we present BiofilmQ—a comprehensive image cytometry software tool for the automated and high-throughput quantification, analysis and visualization of numerous biofilm-internal and whole-biofilm properties in three-dimensional space and time.

scholarly journals How Can I Grab That?

i-com ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-85
Author(s):  
Matthias Weise ◽  
Raphael Zender ◽  
Ulrike Lucke
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
User Experience ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Multiple Dimensions ◽  
Application Developers ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

AbstractThe selection and manipulation of objects in Virtual Reality face application developers with a substantial challenge as they need to ensure a seamless interaction in three-dimensional space. Assessing the advantages and disadvantages of selection and manipulation techniques in specific scenarios and regarding usability and user experience is a mandatory task to find suitable forms of interaction. In this article, we take a look at the most common issues arising in the interaction with objects in VR. We present a taxonomy allowing the classification of techniques regarding multiple dimensions. The issues are then associated with these dimensions. Furthermore, we analyze the results of a study comparing multiple selection techniques and present a tool allowing developers of VR applications to search for appropriate selection and manipulation techniques and to get scenario dependent suggestions based on the data of the executed study.

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