Two-dimensional focusing of high-energy X-rays by thermal-gradient crystals for small-angle X-ray scattering

2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Stockmeier ◽  
Matthias Petermair ◽  
Andreas Magerl
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Thermal Gradient ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
High Penetration ◽  
Ray Scattering

A novel method for focusing X-rays in two dimensions by thermal-gradient crystals in symmetrical Laue geometry is described. A 225 kV stationary tungsten tube delivers an X-ray beam with a source diameter of about 1.0 mm (full width at half-maximum). The focal point at the detector at a distance up to 16 m from the source is of the same size. The beam at the focusing crystals at half the distance between the source and the detector has typical dimensions of 30 × 30 mm. The intensity of the focal point can be increased by more than 200 times by applying a thermal gradient of about 2.2 K mm−1on the focusing crystals. The described method and apparatus are designed for small-angle X-ray scattering at high photon energies up to 60 keV, where the high penetration power allows experiments on strongly absorbing materials in transmission mode. Particle sizes up to 3000 Å can be detected. First measurements on nanocrystalline tungsten carbide and Teflon yield radii of gyration of 540 Å and 815 Å, respectively.

A multi-length-scale USAXS/SAXS facility: 10–50 keV small-angle X-ray scattering instrument

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1508-1512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byron Freelon ◽  
Kamlesh Suthar ◽  
Jan Ilavsky
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Soft Matter ◽  
High Energy ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Performance ◽  
New Facility ◽  
Ray Scattering

Coupling small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) provides a powerful system of techniques for determining the structural organization of nanostructured materials that exhibit a wide range of characteristic length scales. A new facility that combines high-energy (HE) SAXS and USAXS has been developed at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The application of X-rays across a range of energies, from 10 to 50 keV, offers opportunities to probe structural behavior at the nano- and microscale. An X-ray setup that can characterize both soft matter or hard matter and high-Zsamples in the solid or solution forms is described. Recent upgrades to the Sector 15ID beamline allow an extension of the X-ray energy range and improved beam intensity. The function and performance of the dedicated USAXS/HE-SAXS ChemMatCARS-APS facility is described.

Mirror to measure small angle x-ray scattering signal in high energy density experiments

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 123501
Author(s):  
M. Šmíd ◽  
C. Baehtz ◽  
A. Pelka ◽  
A. Laso García ◽  
S. Göde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Scattering Signal ◽  
Ray Scattering

Influence of high energy electron irradiation on the network structure of gelatin hydrogels as investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS)

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 12064-12074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia I. Wisotzki ◽  
Paolo Tempesti ◽  
Emiliano Fratini ◽  
Stefan G. Mayr
Keyword(s):  
Electron Irradiation ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Energy Electron ◽  
High Energy Electron ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Ray Scattering

Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed ranging structural differences in physically entangled and irradiation-crosslinked gelatin hydrogels.

A new high-resolution small-angle X-ray scattering apparatus using a fine-focus rotating anode, point-focusing collimation and a position-sensitive proportional counter

1984 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 337-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Yoda
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Proportional Counter ◽  
Anisotropic Scattering ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Position Sensitive ◽  
Ray Scattering

A high-resolution small-angle X-ray scattering camera has been built, which has the following features. (i) The point collimation optics employed allows the scattering cross section of the sample to be directly measured without corrections for desmearing. (ii) A small-angle resolution better than 0.5 mrad is achieved with a camera length of 1.6 m. (iii) A high photon flux of 0.9 photons μs−1 is obtained on the sample with the rotating-anode X-ray generator operated at 40 kV–30 mA. (iv) Incident X-rays are monochromated by a bent quartz crystal, which makes the determination of the incident X-ray intensity simple and unambiguous. (v) By rotation of the position-sensitive proportional counter around the direct beam, anisotropic scattering patterns can be observed without adjusting the sample. Details of the design and performance are presented with some applications.

Improved Signal-to-Background Ratio in Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Experiments with Synchrotron Radiation using an Evacuated Cell for Solutions

1997 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-M. Dubuisson ◽  
T. Decamps ◽  
P. Vachette
Keyword(s):  
Synchrotron Radiation ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tight Contact ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Quartz Capillary ◽  
Conventional Cell ◽  
Capillary Walls ◽  
Ray Scattering

An evacuated, temperature-controlled cell has been built for use on the small-angle X-ray scattering instrument D24 at the synchrotron radiation facility LURE. The sample is placed in a quartz capillary sealed in a stainless-steel holder using a vacuum-tight glue. Several O rings provide a vacuum path upstream and downstream from the cell, so that the X-ray beam only meets the capillary walls and the solution under study between the slits and the beam stop, while the sample is maintained under atmospheric pressure. The cell temperature is controlled via a water circulation through a copper sheath in tight contact with the steel holder. The use of this cell results in a marked reduction of the background, as observed in two series of parallel experiments using a conventional cell and this evacuated cell. The decrease ranges from a factor of 2 at s 1 values larger than 0.008 Å−1 to more than 15 at s = 0.00116 Å−1, where s is the modulus of the scattering vector (s = 2sin θ/λ, 2θ is the scattering angle and λ is the wavelength of the X-rays).

Apparatus for the simultaneous measurement of the X-ray absorption factor developed for a small-angle X-ray scattering beamline

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 791-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Morita ◽  
Yoshitada Tanaka ◽  
Kazuki Ito ◽  
Yoshihiro Takahashi ◽  
Keiko Nishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Performance Test ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Absorption Factor ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
X Ray Absorption ◽  
Scattering Measurement ◽  
Ray Scattering

A novel apparatus has been developed that enables the simultaneous determination of the absorption factor during measurement of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) intensities of a sample. It was designed especially for the use of relatively low-energy X-rays at SAXS beamlines of synchrotron facilities. The X-ray intensity of transmittance is measured by a silicon PIN photodiode, which is implanted in a direct beamstop set in a vacuum chamber. Since the assembly transmits an attenuated direct beam to a detector during the scattering measurement, a zero-angle position can be monitored without additional operation. It was confirmed that the linearity between the signal from the photodiode and the intensity of X-rays is good and the photodiode is applicable for the desired purpose. For a performance test, the absorption factors of a supercritical fluid were measured with a wide density range.

Isotope effects in solution small-angle X-ray scattering

1999 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Scattering ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Small Angle Neutron Scattering ◽  
Isotope Effects ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Light Water ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ray Scattering

While the difference between using heavy and light water as solvents for small-angle neutron scattering experiments is well known, the lesser difference for the case of small-angle X-ray scattering with these same isotopes of water has, as yet, not been reported. This difference for the case of X-rays is discussed and quantified for several familiar materials: polystyrene latexes, proteins and lipids.

Small-angle energy-dispersive X-ray scattering using a laboratory-based diffractometer with a conventional source

2007 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Portale ◽  
Alessandro Longo ◽  
Lucio D'Ilario ◽  
Andrea Martinelli ◽  
Ruggero Caminiti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Protein Solutions ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Angle Scattering ◽  
Ray Patterns ◽  
Ray Scattering

The use of polychromaticBremsstrahlungX-rays generated by commercial tubes for energy-dispersive small-angle scattering measurements has not been extensively discussed in the literature, mainly because of some difficulties associated with it. If a suitable experimental setup is chosen and concomitant phenomena are taken into account for correcting the observed X-ray patterns, energy-dispersive small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) may become an interesting alternative to conventional measurements based on monochromatic beams. Energy-dispersive SAXS experiments carried out on protein solutions, micelles, semicrystalline polymers and catalytic systems are discussed to illustrate the new opportunities offered by this technique as well as its limitations.

Thorough small-angle X-ray scattering analysis of the instability of liquid micro-jets in air

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedetta Marmiroli ◽  
Fernando Cacho-Nerin ◽  
Barbara Sartori ◽  
Javier Pérez ◽  
Heinz Amenitsch
Keyword(s):  
Small Angle ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Liquid Jets ◽  
Liquid Jet ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Free Electron Lasers ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Break Up ◽  
Ray Scattering

Liquid jets are of interest, both for their industrial relevance and for scientific applications (more important, in particular for X-rays, after the advent of free-electron lasers that require liquid jets as sample carrier). Instability mechanisms have been described theoretically and by numerical simulation, but confirmed by few experimental techniques. In fact, these are mainly based on cameras, which is limited by the imaging resolution, and on light scattering, which is hindered by absorption, reflection, Mie scattering and multiple scattering due to complex air/liquid interfaces during jet break-up. In this communication it is demonstrated that synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) can give quantitative information on liquid jet dynamics at the nanoscale, by detecting time-dependent morphology and break-up length. Jets ejected from circular tubes of different diameters (100–450 µm) and speeds (0.7–21 m s−1) have been explored to cover the Rayleigh and first wind-induced regimes. Various solvents (water, ethanol, 2-propanol) and their mixtures have been examined. The determination of the liquid jet behaviour becomes essential, as it provides background data in subsequent studies of chemical and biological reactions using SAXS or X-ray diffraction based on synchrotron radiation and free-electron lasers.

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