Wages and Gender Composition

1996 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Composition ◽  
And Gender

Gender Differences in the Psychology of Competition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathrin J. Hanek
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Social Role Theory ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Competitive Environments ◽  
And Performance ◽  
And Gender

Drawing primarily on the literature in experimental economics and social psychology, this article reviews key findings on gender differences for two aspects of competitiveness and competition: entry preferences and performance. Although women, relative to men, have been shown to shy away from competition and underperform in competitive environments, this article also discusses boundary conditions for these effects, such as the nature of the task or gender composition of the group, and highlights manifestations of these effects in applied domains, including in negotiations, the labor market, educational settings, and sports. Adopting social psychological frameworks of prescriptive norms and stereotypes, particularly social role theory, this article examines ways in which gender-incongruencies may underpin gender gaps in competition and gender-congruencies may alleviate them. Finally, this article considers implications for individuals and institutions as well as future directions in the field to continue finding ways to close gaps.

Women and the Judiciary in the Asia-Pacific

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Gender Justice ◽  
Women's Issues ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Core Part

Courts can play an important role in addressing issues of inequality, discrimination and gender injustice for women. The feminisation of the judiciary – both in its thin meaning of women's entrance into the profession, as well as its thicker forms of realising gender justice – is a core part of the agenda for gender equality. This volume acknowledges both the diversity of meanings of the feminisation of the judiciary, as well as the complexity of the social and cultural realisation of gender equality. Containing original empirical studies, this book demonstrates the past and present challenges women face to entering the judiciary and progressing their career, as well as when and why they advocate for women's issues while on the bench. From stories of pioneering women to sector-wide institutional studies of the gender composition of the judiciary, this book reflects on the feminisation of the judiciary in the Asia-Pacific.

Gender Composition of Labor Queues and Gender Disparities in Hiring

Social Forces ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1487-1516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santiago Campero ◽  
Roberto M Fernandez
Keyword(s):  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
And Gender

Infant Abandonment in Early China

Early China ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 107-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Behnke Kinney
Keyword(s):  
Population Control ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Early China ◽  
Control Infant ◽  
Hierarchical Relations ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Important Form ◽  
Early Phases

Examining the birth and population control methods employed by a given culture reveals much about the power and politics of its religious and legal institutions; it can also yield important conclusions about the hierarchical relations between young and old and male and female. But conventional methods for controlling the size and gender composition of a family in the early phases of Chinese history have received little attention. In this essay I will focus on the ways in which one important form of population control, infant abandonment, was discussed and practiced in Han times, paying particular attention to the various rationales given for it and the arguments made against it.

Effects of bilingualism on verbal learning and memory in Hispanic adults

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josette G. Harris ◽  
C. Munro Cullum ◽  
Antonio E. Puente
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
English Proficiency ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Mexican Origin ◽  
Semantic Clustering ◽  
Hispanic Adults ◽  
List Learning ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThe effect of bilingualism on qualitative aspects of verbal learning and memory was investigated. Equivalent list learning tests in English and Spanish were carefully constructed, and compared across two bilingual Hispanic groups of Mexican origin that differed in their level of English proficiency (“balanced” and “nonbalanced” bilinguals) and a group of monolingual English-speaking non-Hispanic subjects. Groups were matched for age, education, and gender composition. Nonbalanced bilinguals assessed in English utilized semantic clustering to the same extent as monolinguals, but learned fewer words overall, and demonstrated lower retention scores compared to monolinguals. Comparisons of groups assessed in their dominant languages, however, revealed no significant differences on any of the learning and memory indices examined. In addition to comparisons with standard clinical memory indices, assessment issues concerning bilingual individuals are addressed. (JINS, 1995, I, 10–16.)

scholarly journals Er gutter bedre enn jenter i kroppsøving? -En studie av jenter og gutters kroppsøvingskarakterer i den videregående skolen

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Pål Lagestad
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
School Year ◽  
Study Programme ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data

Forskning peker på at kroppsøvingsfaget i den norske skolen synes å være en arena som flere gutter enn jenter finner attraktiv. Vi vet imidlertid lite om hvor-dan dette gir seg utslag i karakteren i kroppsøving. Ved hjelp av data ved-rørende alle de 6928 elevene som var registrert med kroppsøving i den videre-gående skolen i Nordland skoleåret 2010/11, ser denne studien nærmere på hvordan kroppsøvingskarakteren varierer i forhold til kjønn, og hvor ulike studieretninger og kjønnssammensetninger blir trukket inn i analysene. Resul-tatene viser at guttene fikk signifikant bedre karakterer i kroppsøving enn jentene, noe som gir utslag i at gutter i større grad enn jenter fikk toppkarak-teren 6, men også nest beste karakter 5. Flere jenter enn gutter fikk karakteren 3. Det er påfallende hvordan dette mønsteret viste seg å være stabilt, uavhengig av studieretning og kjønnssammensetning, noe som indikerer at denne vurder¬ingspraksisen ikke er tilfeldig. På bakgrunn av funnene og tidligere forskning blir det stilt spørsmål ved om gutters fysiske overlegenhet gis et fortrinn i karak¬tersettingen, ved at flere gutter enn jenter får toppkarakterene. Det blir videre argumentert for at funnene også kan være et resultat av at jenter generelt opp¬lever mindre trivsel i kroppsøvingen, noe som kan gi seg utslag i mindre deltak¬else og innsats i kroppsøving. Mer forskning omkring kroppsøvingslæreres vur¬deringspraksis må utføres før en med sikkerhet kan forklare funnene i studien.Nøkkelord: kroppsøving, karakter, kjønn, vurderingAbstractResearch indicates that physical education is more attractive to boys than girls. However, we do not know much about how this may affect grades given in physical education among girls and boys. Using data from all the 6928 students who took physical education in high schools in Nordland county in the school year 2010/2011, the study seeks to investigate how gender affects the grades in physical education among girls and boys, adjusted for type of classes and classes with more than 80 percent boys or girls. The results show that boys get significantly better marks than girls in physical education, and that more boys than girls are getting the best mark 6, and also the second best mark 5. On the other hand, more girls than boys are getting the mark 3. These patterns appear in every type of class, independent of study programme and gender composition. It is argued that boys have better physiological conditions than girls, which may contribute to explaining a higher level of marks 5 and 6. Another possible explanation is that research has shown that girls experience less well-being in physical education, and that this may contribute to less effort during physical education. More research is needed to clarify the findings in the study.Keywords: physical education, mark, gender, assessment

scholarly journals The Sexy Issue: Visual Expressions of Heteronormativity and Gender Identities in Cosmopolitan Magazine

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Saraceno ◽  
Rachel Tambling
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Sexual Intimacy ◽  
Gender Identities ◽  
Media Image ◽  
Physical Touch ◽  
And Gender

The current study used a qualitative image analysis to explore observed interactional behaviors communicated through images printed in Cosmopolitan magazine during the calendar year of 2009 as a means to infer social values . Two general inquiries were used to guide the manner with which behavior was observed: is a heteronormative bias present and what values regarding the expressions of sexual orientation and gender identities can be inferred from these images. The sample consisted of 722 individual images depicting groups of two or more persons. Images were coded for group gender composition, activities engaged in, and physical touch . Results indicated a strong bias favoring heterosexual romantic/sexual intimacy and disfavoring homosexual romantic/sexual intimacy. The differences found between groups of womyn and groups of men suggest the expression of traditional hegemonic gender stereotypes in these image selections. Together, these findings suggest that traditional gender identities and heteronormative ideas were the dominant values communicated in these media image selections.

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