Chemical characteristics of groundwater in Ardabil region, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Kamran Pazand ◽  
Kaveh Pazand
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Hydrochemical Types

Purpose The chemical analysis of wells in the Ardabil area, Ardabil Province NW of Iran, was evaluated to determine the hydrogeochemical processes and ion concentration background in the region. The purpose of this study is to analyze the hydrochemical quality of groundwater in Ardabil aquifer in order to assess the suitability of the waters for different uses. Design/methodology/approach The chemical analysis of 75 water wells in the Ardabil area, was evaluated. Over the entire area, the dominated hydrochemical types are: Na-Cl, Na-HCO3-Cl-Mg, Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl and Ca-Mg-HCO3. The abundance of the major ions is as follows: Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+ and SO42–> Cl–>HCO3– and major ion concentrations are below the acceptable level for drinking water. Most of groundwater samples fell in the soft water category. All of groundwaters belong to the excellent category and can be used safely for irrigation. Findings The chemical analysis of 75 water wells in the Ardabil area, Ardabil Province NW of Iran, was evaluated to determine the hydrogeochemical processes and ion concentration background in the region. Over the entire area, the dominated hydrochemical types are: Na-Cl, Na-HCO3-Cl-Mg, Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl and Ca-Mg-HCO3. The abundance of the major ions is as follows: Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+ and SO42–> Cl–>HCO3– and major ion concentrations are below the acceptable level for drinking water. Most of groundwater samples fell in the soft water category. All of groundwaters belong to the excellent category and can be used safely for irrigation. Originality/value The chemical analysis of 75 water wells in the Ardabil area, Ardabil Province NW of Iran, was evaluated to determine the hydrogeochemical processes and ion concentration background in the region. Over the entire area, the dominated hydrochemical types are: Na-Cl, Na-HCO3-Cl-Mg, Ca-SO4, Ca-Mg-SO4-Cl and Ca-Mg-HCO3. The abundance of the major ions is as follows: Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+>K+ and SO42–> Cl–>HCO3– and major ion concentrations are below the acceptable level for drinking water. Most of groundwater samples fell in the soft water category. All of groundwaters belong to the excellent category and can be used safely for irrigation.

scholarly journals Effect of Chloride Ions on the Point-of-Use Drinking Water Disinfection Performance of Porous Ceramic Media Embedded with Metallic Silver and Copper

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1625
Author(s):  
Rekha Singh ◽  
Woohang Kim ◽  
James A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Chloride Ion ◽  
Silver Ions ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Metallic Silver ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Copper Release

This study quantifies the effects of chloride ions on silver and copper release from porous ceramic cubes embedded with silver and copper and its effect on E. coli disinfection in drinking water. Log-reduction of E. coli by silver ions decreased after 4 h of contact time as the chloride ion concentration increased from 0 to 250 mg/L but, it was not changed by copper ions under the same conditions. For silver addition by silver-ceramic cubes, log reductions of E. coli decreased sharply from 7.2 to 1.6 after 12 h as the chloride concentration increased from 0 to 250 mg/L. For the silver-ceramic cube experiments, chloride ion also reduced the total silver concentration in solution. After 24 h, total silver concentrations in solution decreased from 61 µg/L to 20 µg/L for corresponding chloride ion concentrations. According to the MINTEQ equilibrium model analysis, the decrease in disinfection ability with silver embedded ceramic cubes could be the result of precipitation of silver ions as silver chloride. This suggests that AgCl was precipitating within the pore space of the ceramic. These results indicate that, although ionic silver is a highly effective disinfectant for E. coli, the presence of chloride ions can significantly reduce disinfection efficacy. For copper-ceramic cubes, log reductions of E. coli by copper embedded cubes increased from 1.2 to 1.5 when chloride ion concentration increased from 0 to 250 mg/L. Total copper concentrations in solution increased from 4 µg/L to 14 µg/L for corresponding chloride ion concentrations. These results point towards the synergistic effect of chloride ions on copper oxidation as an increased concentration of chloride enhances copper release.

Effects of sodium ion and solution tonicity on reactivities of hypertensive rat aortic strips

1960 ◽  
Vol 198 (5) ◽  
pp. 1019-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Mallov
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Sodium Ion ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Initial Tension ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Low Sodium ◽  
Hypertensive Rat

Rats were rendered hypertensive by injecting DCA and feeding 1% NaCl solution in place of drinking water. Isometric tensions developed by strips of aorta from these rats, when exposed to a low concentration of epinephrine, were compared with tensions developed by strips from normotensive controls, under conditions of varying Na ion concentration and solution tonicity. Solutions with high Na ion concentrations (hypertonic), and normal solutions rendered equivalently hypertonic by the addition of sucrose, increased the reactivities of strips from normotensive rats, but decreased the reactivities of strips from hypertensive rats, to added epinephrine. The hypertensive rat strips manifested increases in tension in these solutions even prior to the addition of epinephrine, so that the subsequent smaller responses to epinephrine may have been related to these initial tension increases. Low sodium ion concentrations in hypotonic solutions, but not in isotonic solutions, decreased the reactivities of both hypertensive and normotensive rat strips. These results are interpreted to mean that aortas from hypertensive rats are so changed structurally and functionally, that they respond differently than do normal aortas to increased sodium ion concentrations and/or hypertonic solutions, as well as to epinephrine in such solutions.

scholarly journals Hydrogeochemical Evaluation of Groundwater and Its Suitability for Domestic Uses in Halabja Saidsadiq Basin, Iraq

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Twana O. Abdullah ◽  
Salahalddin S. Ali ◽  
Nadhir A. Al-Ansari ◽  
Sven Knutsson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Hard Water ◽  
World Health ◽  
Water Type ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Major Cations ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Health Organization

Evaluation of the hydrogeochemical characteristics and groundwater suitability for domestic use was conducted in the Halabja Saidsadiq Basin in the northeastern part of Iraq. The total studied area is about 1278 km2 with a specific Mediterranean-type continental interior climate, which is cold in winter and hot in summer. To conduct the required laboratory chemical analysis for groundwater samples in the studied basin, 78 groundwater samples, in total, were collected from 39 water wells in the dry and wet seasons in 2014 and analyzed for major cations and anions, and the results were compared with the permitted limits for drinking water. An examination of the chemical concentrations of the World Health Organization drinking water norms demonstrate that a large portion of the groundwater samples is suitable for drinking, and a preponderance of groundwater samples situated in the class of hard and very hard water types for both seasons. Suitability of groundwater for drinking use was additionally assessed according to the water quality index classification. This showed that more than 98% of groundwater samples have good water quality in the dry and wet seasons. Conversely, the classification of groundwater samples based on Piper’s diagram designates that the groundwater type is alkaline water, with existing bicarbonate along with sulfate and chloride. However, water–rock exchange processes and groundwater flow have been responsible for the dominant water type of Ca–Mg–HCO3.

Hydrochemical and isotopic characteristics of thermal groundwater at Farafra Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 408-424
Author(s):  
Samah Elbarbary ◽  
Mohamed Abdel Zaher ◽  
Adam El-Shahat ◽  
Mohamed Al Deep ◽  
Khaled M. Khedher
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Isotopes ◽  
Western Desert ◽  
Water Type ◽  
High Iron Content ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Chemical Tracers ◽  
Nubian Aquifer ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Supplementary Material

Groundwater from the Nubian sandstone aquifer at Farafra Oasis in the Western Desert of Egypt has been investigated using chemical tracers and environmental isotopes to clarify the hydrochemical features of this aquifer. The majority of the collected samples are characterized by Ca-Cl water type, which may be attributed to dissolution of the carbonate-rich sediments. Calculated saturation indices show that the main hydrogeochemical processes were the dissolution of carbonates and evaporites and the precipitation of Fe-rich minerals. Temperatures calculated using the K-Mg geothermometer show that the reservoir temperature ranges from 58°C to 121°C. The groundwater samples have δD and δ18O values similar to the isotopic content of the Nubian aquifer palaeowater in the Western Desert. Additionally, the isotopic composition suggests that there is no active potential current recharge from the local precipitation. Gamma spectrometry of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activities indicates that the groundwater of the Nubian aquifer is safe with respect to radioactivity. Groundwater in Farafra Oasis is the main source of irrigation and drinking water for local residents. All the samples are excellent for irrigation uses for all types of crops. It is suggested that the water samples may require some treatment regarding the high iron content before usage as drinking water.Supplementary material: Locations of the collected groundwater samples and their Na-K-Mg ternary cation plot is available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4938252

scholarly journals An interlaboratory comparison of aerosol inorganic ion measurements by ion chromatography: implications for aerosol pH estimate

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 6325-6341
Author(s):  
Jingsha Xu ◽  
Shaojie Song ◽  
Roy M. Harrison ◽  
Congbo Song ◽  
Lianfang Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Ions ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Inorganic Ion ◽  
Aerosol Acidity ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Water-soluble inorganic ions such as ammonium, nitrate and sulfate are major components of fine aerosols in the atmosphere and are widely used in the estimation of aerosol acidity. However, different experimental practices and instrumentation may lead to uncertainties in ion concentrations. Here, an intercomparison experiment was conducted in 10 different laboratories (labs) to investigate the consistency of inorganic ion concentrations and resultant aerosol acidity estimates using the same set of aerosol filter samples. The results mostly exhibited good agreement for major ions Cl−, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+ and K+. However, F−, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were observed with more variations across the different labs. The Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) data of nonrefractory SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ generally correlated very well with the filter-analysis-based data in our study, but the absolute concentrations differ by up to 42 %. Cl− from the two methods are correlated, but the concentration differ by more than a factor of 3. The analyses of certified reference materials (CRMs) generally showed a good detection accuracy (DA) of all ions in all the labs, the majority of which ranged between 90 % and 110 %. The DA was also used to correct the ion concentrations to showcase the importance of using CRMs for calibration check and quality control. Better agreements were found for Cl−, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+ and K+ across the labs after their concentrations were corrected with DA; the coefficient of variation (CV) of Cl−, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+ and K+ decreased by 1.7 %, 3.4 %, 3.4 %, 1.2 % and 2.6 %, respectively, after DA correction. We found that the ratio of anion to cation equivalent concentrations (AE / CE) and ion balance (anions–cations) are not good indicators for aerosol acidity estimates, as the results in different labs did not agree well with each other. In situ aerosol pH calculated from the ISORROPIA II thermodynamic equilibrium model with measured ion and ammonia concentrations showed a similar trend and good agreement across the 10 labs. Our results indicate that although there are important uncertainties in aerosol ion concentration measurements, the estimated aerosol pH from the ISORROPIA II model is more consistent.

Hydrochemistry of groundwater from loose layer aquifer system in northern Anhui Province, China: source of major ions and hydrological implications

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linhua Sun
Keyword(s):  
Major Ions ◽  
Anhui Province ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Major Ion ◽  
Normality Test ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
Anderson Darling ◽  
Loose Layer

Groundwater from the loose layer aquifer system is important in northern Anhui Province, China, because it is an important water supplier for agriculture, industrial and domestic use. However, it is also a threat for the safety of coal mining. In this study, major ion concentrations of 43 groundwater samples from the loose layer aquifer system in Huaibei coalfield, northern Anhui Province, China have been measured and analyzed by EPA Unmix model for tracing their sources. The results suggest that they can be classified to be Na-Cl type according to their major ion concentrations. Statistical analysis (coefficients of variations and the Anderson–Darling normality test) indicates that more than one source is responsible for the major ions. Three sources have been identified by Umix model with different contributions for each sample, and the total dissolved solids contributed by the chloride, silicate-carbonate and sulfate sources are 10%, 47%, and 43%, respectively. The variations of contributions from the three sources for the samples probably relate to: (1) the inhomogeneity of mineral compositions and (2) the different locations (recharge or discharge) of the samples collected.

scholarly journals GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES AT THE WESTERN PORTION OF THE RIVER NILE– MINIA DISTRICT- EGYPT

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-339
Author(s):  
Mamdouh Salama Morsi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
River Nile ◽  
Groundwater Quality Assessment ◽  
Quaternary Aquifer ◽  
Groundwater Samples ◽  
Western Portion

The main goal of this research is assessment the groundwater resources for irrigation purposes at the western portion of the River Nile –Minia district- Egypt. The research depend on representation and calculation the resulted of chemical analysis of 96 groundwater samples collected from 96 pumping well During autumns 2011 from quaternary aquifer. the resulted reviled that; 25% of groundwater samples within the range of none restriction on use and the rest are margin according TDS content, most of samples are good for irrigation in all soils as they located in classes (C2-S1) and (C3-S1) and suitable for irrigation all crops as belong to SAR values and RSC hazard. But it restricted by boron ion concentration.

scholarly journals An inter-laboratory comparison of aerosol in organic ion measurements by Ion Chromatography: implications for aerosol pH estimate

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingsha Xu ◽  
Shaojie Song ◽  
Roy M. Harrison ◽  
Congbo Song ◽  
Lianfang Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Ions ◽  
Certified Reference Materials ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Inorganic Ion ◽  
Aerosol Acidity ◽  
Water Soluble Inorganic Ions ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. Water soluble inorganic ions such as ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate are major components of fine aerosols in the atmosphere and are widely used in the estimation of aerosol acidity. However, different experimental practices and instrumentation may lead to uncertainties in ion concentrations. Here, an inter-comparison experiment was conducted in 10 different laboratories (labs) to investigate the consistency of inorganic ion concentrations and resultant aerosol acidity estimates using the same set of aerosol filter samples. The results mostly exhibited good agreement for major ions Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, NH4+ and K+. However, F−, Mg2+ and Ca2+ were observed with more variations across the different labs. The Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) data of non-refractory SO42−, NO3−, NH4+ generally correlated very well with the filter analysis based data in our study, but the absolute concentrations differ by up to 42 %. Cl− from the two methods are correlated but the concentration differ by more than 3 times. The analyses of certified reference materials (CRMs) generally showed good recovery of all ions in all the labs, the majority of which ranged between 90 % and 110 %. Better agreements were found for Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, NH4+ and K+ across the labs after their concentrations were corrected with CRM recoveries; the coefficient of variation (CV) of Cl−, SO42−, NO3−, NH4+ and K+ decreased 1.7 %, 3.4 %, 3.4 %, 1.2 % and 2.6 %, respectively, after CRM correction. We found that the ratio of anion to cation equivalent concentrations (AE/CE) is not a good indicator for aerosol acidity estimates, as the results in different labs did not agree well with each other. Ion balance (anions – cations) calculated from SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ gave more consistent results, because of their relatively large concentrations and good agreement among different labs. In situ aerosol pH calculated from the ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic equilibrium model with measured ion and ammonia concentrations showed a similar trend and good agreement across the 10 labs. Our results indicate that although there are important uncertainties in aerosol ion concentration measurements, the estimated aerosol pH from the ISORROPIA-II model is more consistent.

An expert system for real-time well field management

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 699-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Marti ◽  
G. Bauser ◽  
F. Stauffer ◽  
U. Kuhlmann ◽  
H.-P. Kaiser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Well Field ◽  
Field Management ◽  
Historical Management

Well field management in urban areas faces challenges such as pollution from old waste deposits and former industrial sites, pollution from chemical accidents along transport lines or in industry, or diffuse pollution from leaking sewers. One possibility to protect the drinking water of a well field is the maintenance of a hydraulic barrier between the potentially polluted and the clean water. An example is the Hardhof well field in Zurich, Switzerland. This paper presents the methodology for a simple and fast expert system (ES), applies it to the Hardhof well field, and compares its performance to the historical management method of the Hardhof well field. Although the ES is quite simplistic it considerably improves the water quality in the drinking water wells. The ES knowledge base is crucial for successful management application. Therefore, a periodic update of the knowledge base is suggested for the real-time application of the ES.

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