Testing effects of awareness of statewide smoke-free air law and risk perception on smoking behaviors

2021 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199
Author(s):  
YoungJu Shin ◽  
Nicole L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
The State ◽  
State Law ◽  
Current Smoking Status ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Smoking Behaviors

PurposeTo reduce the smoking rates and alleviate societal problems associated with smoking, health administrators and policy makers have attempted to promote and implement statewide smoking free policy. The present study examined how adults' awareness of and attitude toward the smoke-free air law, their perceived risks of secondhand smoke and current smoking status were associated with smoking attitude and behaviors.Design/methodology/approachAs part of the Indiana Adult Tobacco Survey, 2,027 respondents participated in cross-sectional telephone surveys. A series of independent sample t-test and binary logistic regression analyses were performed.FindingsAwareness of the state law was inversely related to negative attitude toward smoking behaviors. Individuals who reported favorable attitude toward the state smoke-free air law and higher risk perceptions of secondhand smoke showed negative attitude toward smoking behaviors. Non-smokers and former smokers were significantly different from current smokers with regard to attitude toward smoking. Negative attitude was significantly related to intention to quit smoking. Awareness of the state law, perceived risk and current smoking status were key determinants for anti-smoking attitude and behavior.Originality/valueFindings highlight the importance of effective dissemination of the state law and recommend a strategic intervention design that invokes risk perceptions of secondhand smoke.

PERSONALITY, DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS AND SMOKING STATUS AMONG TURKISH UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 799-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikmet Yazici
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
University Students ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Current Smoking Status ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Predictive Variables ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
Turkish University Students

The association between the sociotropic/autonomic personality characteristics, depressive symptoms and cigarette-smoking status of 385 male and 241 female university students was examined. Depressive symptoms and sociotropic/autonomic personality were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory (adapted for use in Turkey by Hisli [1998]) and the Sociotropy-Autonomy Scale (adapted for use in Turkey by Şahin, Ulusoy, & Şahin [1993]); smoking behaviors were also assessed. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between sociotropic/autonomic personality characteristics, depressive symptoms and cigarette-smoking status. Current smokers showed a trend, scoring higher than nonsmokers on depressive symptoms, and they also scored significantly higher than nonsmokers on autonomy. Results also show that depressive symptoms (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.05–1.10), and autonomy (OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01–1.03) were predictive variables of current smoking status.

Active smoking, secondhand smoke exposure and serum cotinine levels among Cheyenne River Sioux communities in context of a Tribal Public Health Policy

2019 ◽  
pp. tobaccocontrol-2019-055056
Author(s):  
Elena R. O'Donald ◽  
Curtis P. Miller ◽  
Rae O'Leary ◽  
Jennifer Ong ◽  
Bernadette Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
American Indians ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Statistical Modelling ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Serum Cotinine ◽  
Free Air ◽  
Shs Exposure ◽  
Cheyenne River

IntroductionAmerican Indians and Alaska Natives face disproportionately high rates of smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. The Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe (CRST) is among the few Tribal Nations controlling commercial tobacco exposures in public and work places. We had an opportunity to explore effects of the new commercial tobacco-free policy (implemented in 2015) in an environmental health study (2014–2016) that collected information about commercial tobacco use and SHS prevalence and examined predictor variables of serum cotinine concentrations.MethodsSelf-reported survey data were used in quantile regression statistical modelling to explore changes in cotinine levels, based on smoking status, smokeless tobacco consumption and SHS exposure.ResultsFrom enrolled 225 adults, 51% (N=114) were current smokers. Among 88 non-tobacco users, 35 (40%) reported current SHS exposure. Significant differences in cotinine median concentrations were found among participants with and without current SHS exposure. Extremely high cotinine concentrations (~100 times larger than the median) were detected in some non-tobacco users. After implementing the new smoke-free air Tribal policy, cotinine decreased in participants with intermediate (3–15 ng/mL, non-tobacco users with SHS exposure) and high (>15 ng/mL, mainly tobacco users) cotinine levels showing association with an abatement of opportunities for SHS exposure. Significant predictors of cotinine levels were sampling year, current smoking and tobacco chewing. No gender differences were observed in cotinine.ConclusionsOur results show decrease in cotinine concentrations in CRST participants since implementation of their ‘Smoke-Free Clean Air Act’ in 2015.

The influence of procedural justice on citizen satisfaction with state law enforcement

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 687-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clair White ◽  
Michael Hogan ◽  
Tara Shelley ◽  
N. Prabha Unnithan
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Procedural Justice ◽  
Local Level ◽  
The State ◽  
State Law ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Citizen Satisfaction ◽  
Satisfaction With Police ◽  
State Law Enforcement

Purpose There are a number of individual and contextual variables that influence public opinion of the police but we know little about the public opinion regarding state law enforcement agencies. Prior studies involving municipal police and other criminal justice agencies indicate that the perceptions of procedural justice, or fair treatment, are important predictors of citizen satisfaction with police services. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether individuals who perceive procedurally just treatment during their contact with a state patrol officer improve the levels of satisfaction with the state patrol. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents the results of a public opinion study (n=846) regarding the Colorado State Patrol conducted in 2009. A subsample of 393 individuals who had contact with the state patrol and were further surveyed about their contact with the officer. Logistic regression models were used to examine individual- and contextual-level variables influence satisfaction with the state patrol and whether this relationship was mediated by the perceptions of procedural justice. Findings The authors found that individuals who perceive higher levels of procedural justice expressed higher satisfaction with the state patrol. Females, older respondents, and non-white respondents expressed greater satisfaction, as well as those who had voluntary contact or were not arrested. More importantly, procedural justice mediated the effect of involuntary contact and arrest on levels of satisfaction, and while non-white respondents were less likely to experience procedural justice, when levels of procedural justice are controlled for, they have higher levels of satisfaction. Originality/value The findings emphasize the significance of citizen perceptions of procedural justice during contacts with members of the state patrol. The current study contributes to our knowledge of procedural justice and citizen satisfaction with police encounters given previous research on citizen satisfaction with police focuses almost exclusively on local-level agencies, and research on procedural justice asks the respondents almost exclusively about the police in general.

scholarly journals Factors associated with electronic cigarettes use among adolescents in Jakarta, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ridhwan Fauzi ◽  
Chitlada Areesantichai
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Electronic Cigarette ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Associated

PurposeThis study aimed to examine factors associated with electronic cigarette use among adolescents aged 15–19 in Jakarta, Indonesia.Design/methodology/approachThe study was a school-based survey involving 1,318 students from 14 high schools in Jakarta. A multistage cluster sampling methodology was used. The authors used the chi-square test and multiple logistic regression to examine the association between electronic cigarette use and sociodemographic, social influences, health risk perceptions, availability, affordability and conventional cigarette smoking status.FindingsOverall, 6.3% of females and 29% of males reported ever having used electronic cigarettes. Electronic cigarette use was independently associated with sex, school locations, conventional cigarette smoking status, peer use, availability and perceptions that electronic cigarettes aid conventional cigarette smoking cessation. Compared with non-smokers, lifetime (AOR: 8.740, 95% CI: 5.126–14.901) and current conventional cigarette smokers (AOR: 18.380, 95% CI: 10.577–31.938) were more likely to use electronic cigarettes.Social implicationsThe use of electronic cigarettes among adolescents was considerably high in this study. Therefore, the tobacco control policy should be extended to regulate the marketing and use of all types of tobacco products and not just conventional cigarettes.Originality/valueThe study explored beyond individual lifestyle factors that contributed to electronic cigarette use in Indonesia such as affordability, school locations and availability of electronic cigarettes. These issues have not been specifically discussed in previous studies.

Nigeria's consumer-facing industries face a deep slump

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Niger Delta ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Consumer Demand ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Confidence ◽  
Business Sectors

Significance Nigeria's deep 2.06% year-on-year GDP contraction in the second quarter has hammered business confidence. However, several recent data releases indicate that the downturn's effects have not been spread evenly across all business sectors. Impacts The formal ceasefire with some Niger Delta groups will not prevent occasional attacks from occurring. Abuja will struggle to issue its planned 1-billion-dollar Eurobond on favourable terms due to heightened risk perceptions. Problems over paying civil servants' salaries, particularly at the state level, will exacerbate declining consumer demand.

The policing of financial misconduct in intergovernmental organisations

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
Paul Catchick
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
The State ◽  
State Law ◽  
Hybrid Features ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Financial Misconduct ◽  
Unique Context ◽  
Intergovernmental Organisations

Purpose – This paper aims to analyse the extent to which the financial investigation function of an intergovernmental organisation (IGO) may be considered in policing terms, with a view to categorising it in relation to existing paradigms, while acknowledging the IGO’s unique context, in which it enjoys autonomy through various privileges and immunities. Design/methodology/approach – This paper describes and analyses the internal investigation function of IGOs, drawing on practitioner experience as well as mandates, resolutions and reviews from the intergovernmental sector, before making comparisons with policing typologies. Findings – Notwithstanding their expansion into inquiries of non-financial misconduct, IGO investigation offices are the primary means of addressing financial wrongdoing affecting their organisations. Comparisons are drawn with both the corporate policing role inherent in other employment-based organisations and with public policing as a function of the state. It is found that these two paradigms are insufficient to categorise policing within the unique context of the IGO, which has hybrid features of both. Research limitations/implications – In comparing IGO investigation alongside existing policing paradigms, this paper lays a foundation for further research into the accountability models applicable to this policing function. Originality/value – This paper discusses the emergence of a form of policing with hybrid features of both internal corporate policing and state law enforcement and contributes to a field that is largely unaddressed in existing research.

Twin Analysis as a Potential Tool for Examining Psychosocial Factors Associated with and Preceeding Smoking Behaviors

1984 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.L. Pedersen ◽  
B. Floderus-Myrhed
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Leisure Activity ◽  
Young Cohort ◽  
Psychosocial Variables ◽  
Current Smoking Status ◽  
Current Smoking ◽  
Smoking Behaviors ◽  
Pattern Of Variation

AbstractData from the young cohort of the Swedish Twin Registry are being used in an attempt to describe characteristics which distinguish among current, non- and ex- smokers prior to the development of a smoking habit versus those present after establishment of the habit (or lack of one). With twins as a sample of individuals, the psychosocial variables instability, extroversion, leisure activity, relative weight, alcohol, coffee and psycho-pharmaceutic drug use were examined jointly as predictors of current smoking status in multiple regression analyses. This phase was intended to replicate and expand upon earlier studies characterizing current, non- and ex-smokers. These analyses were then performed on MZ nonsmoking twin individuals who were classified on the basis of their cotwins' smoking status. Pattern of variation in the psychosocial variables across the groups of nonsmokers were similar to the pattern seen for current, ex- and nonsmokers. Characteristics in MZ nonsmokers which are predictive of their cotwins' smoking status may be interpreted as those present prior to development of a smoking habit. Selected results from these analyses will be presented.

Fighting elephants, suffering grass: oil exploitation in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 791-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikechukwu Umejesi ◽  
Michael Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cultural Theory ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
The State ◽  
Environmental Advocacy ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oil Companies

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to understand the interactions of the different actors – the state, multinational oil and gas companies, environmental advocacy groups and local people – in the oil-rich Niger Delta. Design/methodology/approach – The paper draws on interviews, observations and focus group discussions, as well as on archival materials relating to the development of the oil and gas industry during the colonial period (i.e. pre-1960 Nigeria). Findings – A cultural theory-based analysis of the environmental risk perceptions of the different actors reveals a profoundly unconstructive institutional configuration, in which the collusion of two “solidarities – the oil companies (individualism) and the state (hierarchy) – has led to the exclusion of the local communities (egalitarianism) who have found themselves impoverished and marginalised (fatalism). With these two “elephants” – individualism/hierarchy and egalitarianism/fatalism – pitted against each other, it has been the “grass” – the natural environment that has suffered. Practical implications – Giving the local communities a stake in the wealth-creating process, from which they are at present excluded, would shift the pattern of inter-solidarity engagement from one in which two “active” (i.e. non-fatalist) voices silence the third to one in which each voice is able to make itself heard and is then responsive to the others. Originality/value – Innovative and current on under-researched topic and geography. The main fieldwork was conducted between 2007 and 2008, with further field visits and updates between 2009 and 2013.

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