Do spouses influence each other's stated son preference?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 561-588
Author(s):  
Marie-Claire Robitaille ◽  
Ishita Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Method Of Moment ◽  
Selective Abortion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Sex Selective Abortion ◽  
Using Data

Purpose This paper aims to understand the motivations behind married men preferring sons and to quantify the association between a couple’s stated son preferences. Son preference is an endemic problem in India. With half a million female foetuses aborted each year, the root causes of son preference in India have been widely studied. Little is known, however, on how couples mutually decide on their desired child sex-ratio. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the third National Family and Health Survey, the authors apply three-stage least square and optimal general method of moment methods to demonstrate association. Robustness checks are performed on plausibly exogenous instrumental variables and selection issues in the marriage market. Findings The authors show that their spouse's son preference is by far the most significant factor associated with a person's own stated son preference. The association between spouse's stated son preference is observed only for couples being married for three to five years. It is postulated that this is the critical period when sex-selective abortion decisions are being made. Originality/value The focus of existing empirical studies is nearly always on the mother's son preference only. The hypothesis is that spouses mutually influence each other’s preferences and models estimating determinants of son preference should include preferences of both spouses. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first attempt to understand the motivations of married men towards preferring sons and quantify the association between spouse's stated son preference and respondent's stated son preference.

Do the calendar anomalies still exist? Evidence from Indian currency market

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satish Kumar ◽  
Rajesh Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Least Square ◽  
January Effect ◽  
Currency Markets ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Currency Market ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Calendar Anomalies ◽  
Ordinary Least Square Regression ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Using Data

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the presence of the day-of-the-week (DOW) and January effect in the Indian currency market for selected currency pairs; USD-(Indian rupee) INR, EUR-INR, GBP-INR and JPY-INR, from January, 1999 to December, 2014. Design/methodology/approach – Ordinary least square regression analysis is used to examine the presence of DOW and January effect to test the efficiency of the Indian currency market. The sample period is later divided into two sub-periods, that is, pre- and post-2008 to capture the behavior of returns before and after the 2008 financial crisis. Further, the authors also use the non-parametric technique, the Kruskal-Wallis test, to provide robustness check for the results. Findings – The results indicate that the returns during Monday to Wednesday are positive and higher than the returns on Thursday and Friday which show negative returns. The returns during January are found to be higher than the returns during rest of the year. Further, all currencies exhibit significant DOW and January effects in pre-crisis period, however, post-crisis; these effects disappear for all currencies indicating that the markets have become more efficient in the later time. The findings can be further attributed to the increased intervention in the forex markets by the Reserve Bank of India after the crisis. Practical implications – The results have important implications for both traders and investors. The findings suggest that the investors might not be able to earn excess profits by timing their positions in some particular currencies taking the advantage of DOW or January effect which in turn indicates that the currency markets have become more efficient with time. The results are in conformity with those reported for the developed markets. The results might be appealing to the practitioners as well in a way that they can consider the state of financial market for financial decision making. Originality/value – The authors provide the first study to examine the calendar anomalies (DOW and January effect) across a range of emerging currencies using 16 years of data from January, 1999 to December, 2014. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study has yet examined these calendar anomalies in the currency markets using data which covers two important periods, pre-2008 and post-2008.

Economic regulation, opportunity-driven entrepreneurship and gender gap: emerging versus high-income economies

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Bárcena-Martín ◽  
Samuel Medina-Claros ◽  
Salvador Pérez-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
High Income ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Economic Regulation ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Method Of Moment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Opportunity Entrepreneurship

PurposeInstitutional environment plays a crucial role in determining the nature of entrepreneurship that prevails in an economy. In this paper, the authors address how business, labour and credit regulations contribute differently to both the overall prevalence of opportunity-driven entrepreneurship (ODE) and its gender gap in high-income and emerging economies.Design/methodology/approachOn the basis of an unbalanced panel of 41 countries over the period 2005–2016, the authors estimate system generalised method of moment models. The authors also perform an ordinary least square analysis to address gender differences in ODE.FindingsThe authors find that higher credit market liberalisation is especially associated with more entrepreneurship by opportunity. Nevertheless, while credit market regulation stands out as a key element to promote opportunity-based entrepreneurship in both high-income and emerging countries, in the emerging world business regulation is also largely related to the prevalence of opportunity entrepreneurship. In terms of gender gap, business and labour market freedom seem to exert an equalising effect on the divide in entrepreneurship by opportunity, specifically in emerging economies.Originality/valueFindings allow the identification of regulatory policy reform priorities to enhance the prevalence of ODE depending on the level of a country's development. They also identify which specific areas of economic regulation would speed up closing the gender gap in opportunity entrepreneurship.

Labour supply behaviour of married women in Toronto

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 418-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wasanthi Thenuwara ◽  
Bryan Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Estimation Procedure ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Supply Elasticity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Unemployed

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the connection between labour supply and the wages of married women of different ages in Toronto using data from the 2010 Labour Force Survey of Canada. Design/methodology/approach – The authors employ three econometric techniques, ordinary least square, 2 stage least square and the Heckman two-step method to estimate the supply elasticities. The first two focus on the wage rate and hours conditional on the subjects being employed whereas the third method controls for sample selectivity bias by including the unemployed. Bootstrap test statistics are produced when the normality assumption for the error terms is found to be violated. Findings – The aggregate labour supply elasticity for married women in Toronto is estimated to be 0.053 which similar to value found for Canada for a whole in a previous study even though Toronto is much more diverse culturally than average. The labour supply elasticities for 25-34 year old and 35-44 year old married are estimated to be 0.108 and 0.079, respectively. The supply elasticity for married women aged 45-59 is not significantly different from 0. Originality/value – The paper shows that younger married women in Toronto are more responsive to an increase in wages than older women. The estimation procedure and the testing of the significance of coefficients are more rigorous than previous studies.

scholarly journals Determinants of imbalanced sex ratio at birth in Nepal: evidence from secondary analysis of a large hospital-based study and nationally-representative survey data

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e023021
Author(s):  
Elina Pradhan ◽  
Erin Pearson ◽  
Mahesh Puri ◽  
Manju Maharjan ◽  
Dev Chandra Maharjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Large Hospital ◽  
Selective Abortion ◽  
Second Child ◽  
Sex Selective Abortion ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Randomised Controlled

ObjectivesTo quantify sex ratios at births (SRBs) in hospital deliveries in Nepal, and understand the socio-demographic correlates of skewed SRB. Skewed SRBs in hospitals could be explained by sex selective abortion, and/or by decision to have a son delivered in a hospital—increased in -utero investments for male fetus. We use data on ultrasound use to quantify links between prenatal knowledge of sex, parity and skewed SRBs.DesignSecondary analysis of: (1) de-identified data from a randomised controlled trial, and (2) 2011 Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS).SettingNepal.Participants(1) 75 428 women who gave birth in study hospitals, (2) NDHS: 12 674 women aged 15–49 years.Outcome measuresSRB, and conditional SRB of a second child given first born male or female were calculated.ResultsUsing data from 75 428 women who gave birth in six tertiary hospitals in Nepal between September 2015 and March 2017, we report skewed SRBs in these hospitals, with some hospitals registering deliveries of 121 male births per 100 female births. We find that a nationally representative survey (2011 NDHS) reveals no difference in the number of hospital delivery of male and female babies. Additionally, we find that: (1) estimated SRB of second-order births conditional on the first being a girl is significantly higher than the biological SRB in our study and (2) multiparous women are more likely to have prenatal knowledge of the sex of their fetus and to have male births than primiparous women with the differences increasing with increasing levels of education.ConclusionsOur analysis supports sex-selective abortion as the dominant cause of skewed SRBs in study hospitals. Comprehensive national policies that not only plan and enforce regulations against gender-biased abortions and, but also ameliorate the marginalised status of women in Nepal are urgently required to change this alarming manifestation of son preference.Trial registration numberNCT02718222.

scholarly journals Investigating homicide offender typologies based on their clinical histories and crime scene behaviour patterns

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 168-188
Author(s):  
Valeria Abreu ◽  
Edward Barker ◽  
Hannah Dickson ◽  
Francois Husson ◽  
Sandra Flynn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Agglomerative Clustering ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Offender Profiling ◽  
Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Offender Typologies

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify offender typologies based on aspects of the offenders’ psychopathology and their associations with crime scene behaviours using data derived from the National Confidential Enquiry into Suicide and Safety in Mental Health concerning homicides in England and Wales committed by offenders in contact with mental health services in the year preceding the offence (n=759). Design/methodology/approach The authors used multiple correspondence analysis to investigate the interrelationships between the variables and hierarchical agglomerative clustering to identify offender typologies. Variables describing: the offenders’ mental health histories; the offenders’ mental state at the time of offence; characteristics useful for police investigations; and patterns of crime scene behaviours were included. Findings Results showed differences in the offenders’ histories in relation to their crime scene behaviours. Further, analyses revealed three homicide typologies: externalising, psychosis and depression. Practical implications These typologies may assist the police during homicide investigations by: furthering their understanding of the crime or likely suspect; offering insights into crime patterns; provide advice as to what an offender’s offence behaviour might signify about his/her mental health background. Findings suggest information concerning offender psychopathology may be useful for offender profiling purposes in cases of homicide offenders with schizophrenia, depression and comorbid diagnosis of personality disorder and alcohol/drug dependence. Originality/value Empirical studies with an emphasis on offender profiling have almost exclusively focussed on the inference of offender demographic characteristics. This study provides a first step in the exploration of offender psychopathology and its integration to the multivariate analysis of offence information for the purposes of investigative profiling of homicide by identifying the dominant patterns of mental illness within homicidal behaviour.

scholarly journals Sex ratios and ‘missing women’ among Asian minority and migrant populations in Aotearoa/New Zealand: A retrospective cohort analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Simon-Kumar ◽  
Janine Paynter ◽  
Annie Chiang ◽  
Nimisha Chabba
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
List Type ◽  
Selective Abortion ◽  
Chinese Families ◽  
Chinese Populations ◽  
Migrant Populations ◽  
Sex Selective Abortion ◽  
Missing Women

ABSTRACTBackgroundRecent research from the UK, USA, Australia, and Canada point to male-favouring Sex Ratios at Birth (SRB) among their Asian minority populations, attributed to son preference and sex-selective abortion within these cultural groups. The present study conducts a similar investigation of SRBs among New Zealand’s Asian minority and migrant populations, who comprise 15% of the population.MethodsThe New Zealand historical census series between 1976-2013 was used to examine SRBs between ages 0-5 by ethnicity. A retrospective birth cohort in New Zealand was created using the Stats NZ Integrated Data Infrastructure from 2003-2018. A logistic regression was conducted and adjusted for selected variables of interest including visa group, parity, maternal age and deprivation. Finally, associations between family size, ethnicity and family gender composition were examined in a subset of this cohort (families with 2 or 3 children).ResultsThere was no evidence of ‘missing women’ or gender bias as indicated by a deviation from the biological norm in New Zealand’s Asian population. However, Indian and Chinese families were significantly more likely to have a third child if their first two children were females compared to two male children.ConclusionThe analyses did not reveal male-favouring SRBs or any conclusive evidence of sex-selective abortion among Indian and Chinese populations. Based on this data, we conclude that in comparison to other western countries, New Zealand’s Asian migrant populations presents as an anomaly. The larger family sizes for Indian and Chinese populations where the first two children were girls suggested potentially ‘soft’ practices of son preference.WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT-There are discrepancies in Sex Ratios at Birth (SRB) among the Asian minority migrant populations – particularly Indian and Chinese populations –in countries like Canada, UK, USA. SRBs show a pronounced number of males over female children, suggesting a widespread practice of sex-selective abortions in these communities since the 1970s.-These trends implicitly reflect social norms of gender bias through son preference, and daughter devaluation.WHAT IS BEING ADDED-The present study did not find evidence of skewed SRBs that favour boys over girls among Asian ethnicities. The analyses however did find a tendency for Indian and Chinese families to have larger families especially when the first two children were girls.-Overall, the findings suggest the absence of widespread practices of sex-selective abortion making New Zealand an anomaly relative to other migrant-receiving countries. However, there are still vestiges of son preference that are seen through decisions around family size and gender composition.

scholarly journals The relationship between investments in lean practices and operational performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Onofrei ◽  
Jasna Prester ◽  
Brian Fynes ◽  
Paul Humphreys ◽  
Frank Wiengarten
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Synergetic Effects ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Lean Practices

PurposePrior research has shown that operational intellectual capital (OIC) and investments in lean practices (ILP) lead to better operational performance. However, there have been no empirical studies on the synergetic effects between OIC components and ILP. More specifically, the question – can the efficacy of ILP be increased through OIC? – has not been studied. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to report the empirical results of potential synergetic effects between OIC, as a knowledge-based resource, and ILP.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical data used for this study were drawn from the fifth round of the Global Manufacturing Research Group survey project (with data collected from 528 manufacturing plants). The hypotheses are empirically tested using three ordinary least square (OLS) models.FindingsThe authors’ findings highlight the importance of leveraging a system of complementary knowledge-based resources (OIC dimensions) and addresses the need for the reformulation of lean theory in terms of the emergent knowledge-based view of the firm. The results facilitate greater understanding of the complex relationship between ILP and operational performance. Building on the contribution of Menoret al.(2007), the authors argue that OIC represents a strategic knowledge-based resource that is valuable, hard to imitate or substitute and, when leveraged effectively, generates superior operational and competitive advantage.Practical implicationsFrom a managerial standpoint, this study provides guidelines for managers on how to leverage OIC to enhance the efficacy of ILP. The authors argue that firms consider investing in OIC to increase the return from ILP, which, in turn, will enhance their operational performance and provide competitive advantage. The authors findings provide strong evidence of the importance of human, social and structural capital to enhance the efficacy of ILP.Originality/valueThis is the first research paper that extends the application of the intellectual capital theory in lean literature, and argues that the OIC contributes to the efficacy of ILP. The analysis facilitates greater understanding of the complex relationship between OIC dimensions, ILP and operational performance.

Trust: the unwritten cost of white-collar crime

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E Dearden
Keyword(s):  
White Collar Crime ◽  
Strong Predictor ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Washington Post ◽  
Content Type ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Savings And Loan ◽  
Financial Consequences ◽  
Using Data

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to empirically assess the theorized importance of trust and resource removal following white-collar crime. Design/methodology/approach – Two studies are conducted using data from the Washington Post and ABC News Poll following the savings and loan scandal and the dotcom bust. The first examines trust in corporate contexts, and the second examines direct resource withdrawal from financial institutions. Findings – Results of a series of logistic regressions suggest that trust is impacted by high-profile white-collar crime. Models 1 and 2 find evidence that trust is a strong predictor of belief in investing in a given industry. Models 3 and 4 provide evidence that high-profile trust breaches lead to resource withdrawal, adding to the economic damages incurred directly from white-collar crime. Social implications – This study provides evidence that white-collar crime can create much larger financial consequences than immediate losses. Originality/value – Despite considerable theoretical ties between white-collar crime and trust, little empirical evidence exists to support this notion. This study provides two empirical studies that address the theoretical link.

Sex-selective abortion in Vietnam during 1999-2009: the first quantitative study at national level

MedPharmRes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Truc Thi Thanh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Social Norm ◽  
National Level ◽  
Sex Selection ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
National Data ◽  
Selective Abortion ◽  
Accurate Picture ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sex Selective Abortion ◽  
Female Values

Introduction: The sex ratio at birth has dramatically increased since 1999 in Vietnam and stood at 112.7 boys per 100 girls in 2017. This figure alarms many female fetuses are aborted for sex-selection but the numerical evidence is unknown. To depict an accurate picture about the sex-selective abortion, we conducted a study to analyze the national data for sex-abortion in Vietnam. Methods: To estimate the number of sex-selective abortions between 1999 and 2009, the 2009 Census and 1999 Life table of Vietnam were adopted. We calculated the actual number of female and male births for ten years using the reverse survival method. Then the number of sex-selective abortions was the gap between the expected and actual numbers of female births. Results: There was 217,902 sex-selective abortions, which accounted for 11.8% of all causes of abortion in Vietnam from 1999 to 2009. The number of sex-selective abortions was nearly double from 74,179 in 1999-2004 to 143,723 in 2005-2009, even the national punishments on sex-selective abortion were launched since 2003. Conclusions: Female fetuses are more likely aborted before birth for sex-selection in Vietnam because of the son preference. In the situation of Vietnam, changing the social norm regarding female values and roles in both family and society is the key solution to end this problem.

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