The firm growth-cash flow sensitivity: do financial constraints matter?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rashid ◽  
Mahir Ahmed Hersi
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Firm Growth ◽  
Liquidity Constraints ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Financial Constraint ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Corporate Size ◽  
Internal Funds

PurposeThe paper examines the differential effect of liquidity constraints on corporate growth using unbalanced panel data for 457 Pakistani firms over the period 2010–2017.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses the probability of a financial unconstrained index constructed by estimating the endogenous regression model. This approach provides a time-varying measure of financial position for all firm-year observations and takes into account the different degrees of liquidity constraints that a company faces in attaining funds from external markets. It is derived from a multivariate selection equation that simultaneously accounts for all-important features of the underlying company identified in the literature. The cash flow variable has then interacted with various groups of dummy variables for financial constraint, which allows the coefficient of cash flow to vary across firm-year observations in the different liquidity constraint categories. The two-step system-GMM estimator is applied to estimate the main empirical model.FindingsThe results of the study provide evidence of the heterogeneity in firms' growth sensitivity to internal funds, depending on the degree of liquidity constraints. Financing growth through internal funds is found to be essential for both liquidity unconstrained and constrained corporates. However, it is observed that the coefficient of cash flow is greater for firms that do not have access to external financing and it eventually decreases with reductions in the magnitude of liquidity constraints, making the least constrained corporates' growth less responsive to internal funds. The results further indicate that smaller and younger firms show higher responsiveness of growth to internal funds. This finding is mainly attributed to financial market imperfections that make external funding difficult for them.Practical implicationsThe results suggest that financially constrained firms should expand their corporate size more than the magnitude of positive income shocks they encounter. The study also suggests important policy implications for liquidity-constrained firms to carefully concentrate on their financing strategies to enhance their growth. By improving the corporate's capacity for production, corporates can achieve a faster effect of a potential positive income shock on their growth.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to the literature by constructing a financial constraint index by running the endogenous regression model. It also contributes by investigating the differential impact of credit constraints on firms' growth in Pakistan and how corporate size and age affect firm growth when financial constraints and investment opportunities are controlled.

Debt holdings and investment cash flow sensitivity of listed firms

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 943-958 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson Worlanyo Ahiadorme ◽  
Agyapomaa Gyeke-Dako ◽  
Joshua Yindenaba Abor
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Empirical Modeling ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Flow Sensitivity ◽  
Cash Flow Sensitivity ◽  
Cash Flow Sensitivities ◽  
Internal Funds

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of debt holdings on the sensitivity of firms’ investment to availability of internal funds. Design/methodology/approach For a panel data set of 27 Ghanaian listed firms for the period 2007–2013, the paper applies the Euler equation approach to the empirical modeling of investment. Findings The study finds support for the assertion that listed firms face less severe corporate control problems and lower financing constraints, and thus, have lower investment cash flow sensitivities. The study also finds that a significant positive sensitivity of investment to internal funds is associated with firms that have high debt holdings. Practical implications An implication of this study is that firms with high debt holdings face greater challenges in accessing external finance. These firms are likely to experience under-investment which at a macro level would translate into lower investments and economic growth for the country. Originality/value Empirical literature document that in the presence of market imperfections, investments of financially constrained firms become sensitive to the availability of internal finance. There are also contradictory evidences regarding the pattern of the observed investment cash flow sensitivity. This study examines the effect of debt holdings on the sensitivity of firms’ investment to availability of cash flow. This is yet to be empirically tested despite some theoretical explanations.

scholarly journals CASH FLOW, PROFITABILITY, LIQUIDITY AND INVESTMENT IN INDONESIA WITH FINANCIAL CONSTRAINT AS VARIABLE MODERATING

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-74
Author(s):  
Ibnu Damanudin ◽  
Risal Rinofah
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Financial Constraint ◽  
Moderating Variables ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Observation Period

The purpose of this study is to determine the sensitivity of cash flow, profitability, liquidity, on investments with financial constraints as moderating variables. In manufacture company food and beverage sub-sector company for the period 2015-2018. The population in this study are all food and beverage sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The observation period used are 2015-2018 or 4 years. The sample is using purposive sampling method, so that a total sample of 10 samples was obtained multiplied by the observation period for 4 years to 40 research data. Data analysis technique used is multiple linear analysis method with a significant level of 5% (0.05). The results of this study indicate that cash flow and liquidity are not reflected on investments. While the profitability variable has a significant positive effect on investment. Different results are billed when cash flow and liquidity are moderated by financial constraints, cash flow and liquidity have a greater effect on non-financial constrained companies. While profitability does not have a different effect on financial constraint or unconstraint companies

Financial constraints and marketing investment: evidence from text analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagarika Mishra ◽  
Mike T. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Financial Constraint ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Specific Analysis ◽  
Intangible Investments ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Brand Capital ◽  
Intangible Investment

Purpose The purpose of this study to examine the effect of financial constraint on intangible investment because intangible investment provides an overall picture of marketing investment and activity. Intangible investment also plays a significant role in facilitating future sales. Using a new measure of intangible investment (Peters and Taylor, 2017), the authors first establish that intangible investment is positively related with future sales. Then, using a new text-based measure of financial constraint, the authors show that financial constraint has a significant negative effect on future intangible investments after controlling for other factors. Intangible investment has three components. The first is R&D, the second is 30 per cent of selling and general administrative expense (SGA) and the third is other intangibles. The authors find that the negative and significant effect of financial constraint on 30 per cent SGA is stronger. This indicates that financially constrained firms reduce marketing related investments. The authors then considered firm size and found that smaller firms facing financial constraint continue to increase their intangible investments, whereas larger firms reduce their intangible investment. As a robustness test, the authors use advertising expenditure as a measure of promotion related investment and find that financial constraint has a negative effect on advertising spending. The authors then use two traditional measures of financial constraint in their analysis to compare with the new text-based measure. Design/methodology/approach The authors use ordinary least squares with cluster robust standard error to conduct their empirical analysis. Findings First the authors establish that intangible investment positively affects future sales. Further the authors find that financial constraint negatively affects intangible investment. Moreover, financial constraint negatively affects the brand capital of intangible investment. Research limitations/implications The authors did not conduct any industry specific analysis to see how financial constraints affect intangible investment across different industries. Industry specific analysis is important because in some industries/sectors intangibles are clearly more important than in others, so this is an important avenue for future research. It will also be interesting to explore if and how financial constraint has a mediating effect on sales growth via intangible investment and different components of intangibles. Practical implications This study identifies another important factor that can negatively affect brand capital investment. Originality/value The authors have used a measure of financial constraint and text mined all the annual reports of US firms for the period of 1994-2016 to compute this measure.

Indicating restaurant firms’ financial constraints: a new composite index

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 2014-2031
Author(s):  
Sung Gyun Mun ◽  
SooCheong (Shawn) Jang
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Financial Constraint ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Restaurant Firms

Purpose The purpose of this study is to develop an index for financial constraints, specifically for restaurant firms, and to further validate the developed financial constraint index. Design/methodology/approach This study used logistic regression with a composite criterion based on the dividend payout ratio, KZ index and Cleary index to estimate restaurant firms’ financial constraints. Then, a fixed-effects regression was used to verify the validity of the measurement of restaurant firms’ financial constraints. Findings A restaurant firm’s operating profit, financial leverage, asset tangibility, sale of fixed assets and percentage change in number of employees are critical indicators for identifying financial constraints. The results indicated that in cases with positive operating cash flows, the effect of operating cash flow on capital investments continuously decreased as restaurant firms’ financial constraints increased. Originality/value This study is unique in that the specific financial and operational characteristics of restaurant firms were included in the model to determine financial constraint indicators, such as sale of fixed assets and percentage change in number of employees.

CSR, agency costs and investment-cash flow sensitivity: a mediated moderation analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marwa Samet ◽  
Anis Jarboui
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Agency Costs ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediated Moderation ◽  
Flow Sensitivity ◽  
Cash Flow Sensitivity ◽  
Internal Funds ◽  
Investment Spending

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to document the relation between investment-cash flow sensitivity and a firm’s engagement in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in European context. Specifically, this paper aims to empirically examine how CSR moderates the sensitivity between investment spending and firm internal funds. Design/methodology/approach The Euler equation technique approach is applied to test the sensitivity of investment to internally generated funds for a panel data set of 398 European companies listed in the STOXX Europe 600 during 2009-2014. Furthermore, a mediated moderation model is developed in order to examine the moderating role of CSR in the investment-cash flow sensitivity, as well as the mediating role of agency costs on the moderation effect of CSR. Findings The results show that CSR performance weakens the sensitivity of investment to internal funds; agency costs of free cash flow mediate the negative moderating effect of CSR on investment-cash flow sensitivity. Thus, this study demonstrates empirically that firms with socially responsible practices are better positioned to obtain financing in the capital markets through reducing market frictions as well as agency costs. Practical implications Firms are invited to engage more in CSR activities that reduce agency conflicts between management and shareholders. Originality/value The originality of this paper consists in proposing the establishment of both direct and indirect link between CSR and investment-cash flow sensitivity.

Investment-cash flow sensitivity and financial constraints: evidence from Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 403-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasir Riaz ◽  
Yasir Shahab ◽  
Robina Bibi ◽  
Shumaila Zeb
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Listed Companies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cash Flow Sensitivity

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide new insights about investment-cash flow sensitivities (ICFS) as a representative of financial constraints, by examining panel data consisting of 288 listed firms in Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a panel data methodology and first difference generalized method of moments to control the problems of heterogeneity and endogeneity. By five different criteria, estimations are made for full and pre-classified sub-samples. Sargan test and Arellano-Bond serial correlation statistic are used for identification and validation of instruments and model. Findings According to the results, the ICFS has increased monotonically with the level of financial constraints. Further, the results depict that ICFS for the constrained group is much higher as compared to the unconstrained group. Overall, the result illustrates positively significant ICFS. Practical implications This study confirms signs of imperfections in the capital market, which leads to financial markets inaccessibility preceded by high under-investment costs and low social and economic development. Thus, proper policy designing and instigation are necessary for the subsidies, taxation, and foreign direct investment and later for financial market development and promotion of private corporate investment. Originality/value Previous studies have mostly focused on developed countries where large listed companies work in well-developed financial markets and do not face severe financial constraints because of the greater market integration (Bekaert et al., 2011, 2013) and superior investor protection laws (Djankov et al., 2008; La porta et al., 1998). However, this study focuses on listed companies from the emerging Pakistani market, which will bring forth the interesting aspects of ICFS and will enhance the existing literature effectively.

Financial constraints for investment in Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente Lima Crisóstomo ◽  
Félix Javier López Iturriaga ◽  
Eleuterio Vallelado González
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Euler Equation ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Growth Opportunities ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Flow Sensitivity ◽  
Cash Flow Sensitivity ◽  
Investment Models

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to verify the existence of financial constraints for investment in Brazil, an emerging market with growing international visibility. Design/methodology/approach – Using panel data methodology and generalized method of moments (GMM), the paper estimates dynamic investment models based on the Euler equation and Tobin's q for a panel data set of 199 Brazilian non-financial firms for the time period 1995-2006. Findings – Results show that Brazilian firms face financial constraints since their investments depend on internally generated funds. Results are robust to different investment models based on the Euler equation, also controlling for growth opportunities. Significant investment-cash flow sensitivity has been found for the whole sample of firms. Subsamples of firms considered as under financial constraints, according to dividend payout and equity issuance policies, have higher investment-cash flow sensitivity. Investment-cash flow sensitivity of financially constrained firms in Brazil is higher than that in the UK and in Romania, a transition economy. Originality/value – The results extend empirical evidence of financial constraints in Brazil. The paper contributes to the literature by assessing the firms’ financial constraint status on an annual basis, and by using panel data methodology and GMM to estimate dynamic models of investment that take into account the proposals of the hierarchy of finance theory. In addition, the paper controls for growth opportunities. Capital market imperfections affect firm investment in Brazil and such effects are even stronger for financially constrained firms.

scholarly journals BNDES loans and the financial constraints of Brazilian publicly traded companies

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-582
Author(s):  
Walter Eclache da Silva ◽  
Eduardo Kayo ◽  
Roy Martelanc
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Flow Sensitivity ◽  
Multiplier Effect ◽  
Cash Flow Sensitivity ◽  
Development Banks

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether companies that contracted loans from the Brazilian National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) between 2002 and 2014 were able to invest more than companies that did not. The literature on financial constraints, particularly that based on the investment-cash flow sensitivity model, is among the most studied and controversial in the area of finance, and the discussion on the role of development banks is equally controversial. Design/methodology/approach The main econometric model of this study was based on the investment-cash flow sensitivity model, with the incorporation of a binary variable that captures the role of the BNDES. This model is applied to a sample of companies listed on the B3 from 2002 to 2014. Findings This study shows that loans from the BNDES amplify the effects of cash flow on investments, generating a kind of credit multiplier. An important role of development banks is to reduce the financial constraints typical of developing countries. Research limitations/implications The use of the cash flow sensitivity model in companies that contracted loans from the BNDES is a relevant instrument to test the effect of the BNDES on companies with financial constraints. Practical implications The contracting of BNDES loans by companies can affect both capital structure and cash generation, particularly in companies or years in which there was financial constraint. Social implications Due to the nature of the BNDES as a development bank, there are ramifications in terms of the generation of employment and income inherent to the mission of this type of institution. Knowing the multiplier effect on the cash flow potential of companies has a direct impact on their preservation, enabling them to maintain and expand the supply of jobs. Originality/value This study is the first to integrate two important areas of study. From the theoretical perspective, this study provides evidence on the relationship between the BNDES and company financial constraints that open new avenues of research. From the managerial point of view, the evidence of the multiplier effect is highly important for the management of the capital structure and cash flow of companies.

Cash Flow, Profitability, Financial Constraint, and Investment in Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Risal Rinofah
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Cash Flow ◽  
Investment Decision ◽  
Financial Constraint ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Logit Regression ◽  
Investment Level ◽  
Logit Regression Model ◽  
Positive Effect

This study aims to find the effect of cash flow, profitability, and financial constraint on investment decision in Indonesia. Previousstudies have proved that cash flow, profitability, and financial constraint have an effect on company investment level. The utilization of logit regression model to classify the condition of financial constraint and multiple regression on the 123 samples of manufacturing companies during 2012 – 2014 period find that cash flow and profitability has a positive effect on investment level in company that face financial constraint and financial unconstraint company. The moderating test shows that profitability has stronger effect on the investment level that experience financial constraint rather than in financial unconstraint company. Meanwhile, cash flow does not have different effect on financial constraint or unconstraint companies.

Controlling shareholders and financial constraints around the world

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin Ho Park ◽  
Kwangwoo Park ◽  
Ronald Andrew Ratti
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Financial Constraints ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Legal Environment ◽  
Minority Shareholders ◽  
Control Rights ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Controlling Shareholders ◽  
Cash Flow Rights ◽  
The Given

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of controlling shareholders’ ownership of firms on the firms’ financial constraints in 22 economies for the 1982-2009 period. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ a generalized method of moments-based instrumental variables estimator to estimate empirical models. Findings It found that the overinvestment propensity of controlling shareholders becomes less severe with an increase in cash-flow rights. It further indicates that a higher deviation between the control rights and cash-flow rights of controlling shareholders lower their overinvestment propensity, thereby lowering the firm’s financial constraints. Originality/value The results suggest that a higher protective legal environment for minority shareholders blocks the entrenchment of controlling shareholders and thus benefitting the firm with slackened financing constraints in the given legal origin.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document