Game play and the effectiveness of sponsor signage: visual attention to brand messages in live sport broadcasts

PurposeTechnological innovations could allow for real-time control of sponsor exposure during sport broadcasts to increase the capacity of sponsor messages to attract attention. While such an approach requires knowledge on the interplay between in-game events and viewers' attention to sponsor signage previous studies have disregarded factors pertaining to the competition itself. To address this gap, this paper investigates the impact of game-related variables on the allocation of viewer attention in live broadcasts.Design/methodology/approachEye tracking is used to examine the impact of variations in score, ball position and ball possession on soccer fans' attention to sponsor messages during broadcasts. In total, the data comprise n = 36,604 second-by-second observations from 11 participants and games.FindingsLogistic regression analysis reveals game time effects and significant interaction effects between possession and the score as well as the ball position variable. Sponsors receive less attention if the attacking team controls the ball near the opponents' goal, particularly if the viewers' preferred team is in possession.Practical implicationsProperty owners and sponsors can exploit these findings to determine the value of sponsor brand exposure more precisely. New systems could further increase message effectiveness through adjustments of sponsor exposure based on real time match event data.Originality/valueThis study is the first to explore the influence of game-related variables on attention to sponsors. By employing live broadcasts in a near-realistic setting, it further addresses a gap in the literature and adds to the knowledge on sponsor message processing.

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Optimisation and control of the inflow to a wastewater treatment plant using integrated modelling tools

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1998.0083 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 347-354 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ole Mark ◽

Claes Hernebring ◽

Peter Magnusson

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Real Time ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Pilot Project ◽

Integrated Modelling ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Sewer System ◽

Time Control ◽

The Impact

The present paper describes the Helsingborg Pilot Project, a part of the Technology Validation Project: “Integrated Wastewater” (TVP) under the EU Innovation Programme. The objective of the Helsingborg Pilot Project is to demonstrate implementation of integrated tools for the simulation of the sewer system and the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), both in the analyses and the operational phases. The paper deals with the programme for investigating the impact of real time control (RTC) on the performance of the sewer system and wastewater treatment plant. As the project still is in a very early phase, this paper focuses on the modelling of the transport of pollutants and the evaluation of the effect on the sediment deposition pattern from the implementation of real time control in the sewer system.

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Effects of real time control of sewer systems on treatment plant performance and receiving water quality

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2002.0083 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 229-237 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

T. Frehmann ◽

A. Niemann ◽

P. Ustohal ◽

W.F. Geiger

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Drainage System ◽

Control Measures ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Integral Model ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Time Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Receiving Water

Four individual mathematical submodels simulating different subsystems of urban drainage were intercoupled to an integral model. The submodels (for surface runoff, flow in sewer system, wastewater treatment plant and receiving water) were calibrated on the basis of field data measured in an existing urban catchment investigation. Three different strategies for controlling the discharge in the sewer network were defined and implemented in the integral model. The impact of these control measures was quantified by representative immission state-parameters of the receiving water. The results reveal that the effect of a control measure may be ambivalent, depending on the referred component of a complex drainage system. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the drainage system in the catchment investigation can be considerably optimised towards environmental protection and operation efficiency if an appropriate real time control on the integral scale is applied.

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Real-time control and application with self-tuning PID-type fuzzy adaptive controller of an inverted pendulum

Industrial Robot the international journal of robotics research and application ◽

10.1108/ir-10-2018-0206 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (1) ◽

pp. 159-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Tayfun Abut ◽

Servet Soyguder

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Inverted Pendulum ◽

Adaptive Controller ◽

Performance Criteria ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Content Type ◽

Time Control ◽

Self Tuning ◽

Fuzzy Adaptive Controller ◽

Fuzzy Adaptive

PurposeThis paper aims to keep the pendulum on the linear moving car vertically balanced and to bring the car to the equilibrium position with the designed controllers.Design/methodology/approachAs inverted pendulum systems are structurally unstable and nonlinear dynamic systems, they are important mechanisms used in engineering and technological developments to apply control techniques on these systems and to develop control algorithms, thus ensuring that the controllers designed for real-time balancing of these systems have certain performance criteria and the selection of each controller method according to performance criteria in the presence of destructive effects is very helpful in getting information about applying the methods to other systems.FindingsAs a result, the designed controllers are implemented on a real-time and real system, and the performance results of the system are obtained graphically, compared and analyzed.Originality/valueIn this study, motion equations of a linear inverted pendulum system are obtained, and classical and artificial intelligence adaptive control algorithms are designed and implemented for real-time control. Classic proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller, fuzzy logic controller and PID-type Fuzzy adaptive controller methods are used to control the system. Self-tuning PID-type fuzzy adaptive controller was used first in the literature search and success results have been obtained. In this regard, the authors have the idea that this work is an innovative aspect of real-time with self-tuning PID-type fuzzy adaptive controller.

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Fuzzy logic-based real-time control for a twin-rotor MIMO system using GA-based optimization

World Journal of Engineering ◽

10.1108/wje-03-2017-0075 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 192-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arpit Jain ◽

Satya Sheel ◽

Piyush Kuchhal

Keyword(s):

Fuzzy Logic ◽

Real Time ◽

Mimo System ◽

System Optimization ◽

Mathematical Function ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Content Type ◽

Time Control ◽

Non Linear System ◽

Twin Rotor

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the application of entropy based optimized fuzzy logic control for a real-time non-linear system. Optimization of the fuzzy membership function (MF) is one of the most explored areas for performance improvement of the fuzzy logic controllers (FLC). Conversely, majority of previous works are motivated on choosing an optimized shape for the MF, while on the other hand the support of fuzzy set is not accounted. Design/methodology/approach The proposed investigation provides the optimal support for predefined MFs by using genetic algorithms-based optimization of fuzzy entropy-based objective function. Findings The experimental results obtained indicate an improvement in the performance of the controller which includes improvement in error indices, transient and steady-state parameters. The applicability of proposed algorithm has been verified through real-time control of the twin rotor multiple-input, multiple-output system (TRMS). Research limitations/implications The proposed algorithm has been used for the optimization of triangular sets, and can also be used for the optimization of other fussy sets, such as Gaussian, s-function, etc. Practical implications The proposed optimization can be combined with other algorithms which optimize the mathematical function (shape), and a potent optimization tool for designing of the FLC can be formulated. Originality/value This paper presents the application of a new optimized FLC which is tested for control of pitch and yaw angles in a TRMS. The performance of the proposed optimized FLC shows significant improvement when compared with standard references.

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Impact des erreurs de prédiction de la pluie sur le contrôle en temps réel des réseaux d'égouts unitaires

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/l98-021 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 844-853

Author(s):

Andrée Bilodeau ◽

Alain Mailhot ◽

Jean-Pierre Villeneuve

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Integrated Management ◽

Safety Margin ◽

Management Decision ◽

Forecast Errors ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Simple Method ◽

Time Control ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

The Impact

This paper presents results of a study the goal of which is to evaluate the impact of rainfall forecast errors on real time control (RTC) of combined sewers in the Québec Urban Community (Q.U.C.). Firstly, we analyzed the impact of different levels of uncertainty on the probability to generate overloads in combined sewers and on the optimal overflow volume. The effects of the spatial distribution of errors on overloads and on overflow volumes have also been studied. Secondly, we modified the system management decision criteria in order to reduce the overload probability and to avoid possible backflows. This modification consisted of reducing the maximum allowable flow in the pipes of the sewer network. The results obtained showed that despite the negative impacts of forecast errors on overloads, this simple method preserves the efficiency of predictive integrated management. This ensures a safety margin on the possible backflows due to meteorological forecast errors.Key words: overflow, real time, control, combined sewers, forecast, errors, rain, overloads, backflows.

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Consideration of Hysteresis, Saturation, Fringing and Leakage Fluxes in the Frequency-Dependent Analytical Model of Nonlaminated Cylindrical Actuators

10.36227/techrxiv.14473641.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Seifert ◽

Johannes Porstmann ◽

Wilfried Hofmann

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Analytical Models ◽

Solid Core ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Frequency Dependent ◽

Pass Filter ◽

Digital Implementation ◽

Time Control ◽

Reluctance Network ◽

The Impact

Previous works have demonstrated that analytical high-fidelity models of nonlaminated actuators and magnetic thrust bearings cannot just describe the magnetic skin effect inside the solid core, but also be applied directly within the control circuit. By an appropriate rational approximation a digital implementation on a microcontroller becomes possible. However, these approximated models neither considered hysteresis and saturation nor frequency-dependent fringing and leakage fluxes. This article elaborates whether or not these nonlinearities can and should be included in real-time control systems. We present an improved process to map an analytical hysteresis model to a limited measured dataset and discuss the impact of the nonlinear magnetization curve. It leads to a novel fractional-order all-pass filter, modeling the frequency-dependent hysteresis angle for a single load point. Its rational filter form is suitable for implementation in Matlab/Simulink as well as real-time applications. Leakage and fringing fluxes, on the other hand, can be considered with relatively low effort within the original analytical models. The underlying reluctance network is determined by a FE-analysis as well as analytically and reduced to a highly simplified form. Depending on whether the total flux or the force-dependent flux is of interest, the model order may increase significantly and constant correction factors are preferable. <br>

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Model reduction through boundary relocation to facilitate real-time control optimisation in the integrated urban wastewater system

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2002.0628 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 45 (4-5) ◽

pp. 373-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

J. Meirlaen ◽

P.A. Vanrolleghem

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Model Reduction ◽

Real Time ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Model Complexity ◽

Urban Wastewater ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Sewer System ◽

Time Control ◽

The Impact

Real time control is one of the possibilities to minimise the impact of the integrated urban wastewater system (sewer system and treatment plant) on the receiving water quality. Integrated control uses information about the river state to act in the sewer system or in treatment plant. In order to test and tune these integrated controllers, a simplified integrated model is needed. Even with these simplified models, the simulation times may be too long and further model reduction is needed. In this paper, dependency-structure based model reduction is proposed as a technique to further reduce model complexity. Three steps are proposed: relocation of the upstream system boundaries to just upstream of the first control point, relocation of the downstream boundaries to just downstream of the last measurement point, and third, a further model simplification based on an analysis of the sensitivity of the control actions on submodel elimination. The effect of applying the different reduction approaches on the control strategy and on the resulting river water quality is discussed on the basis of a case study of the catchment of Tielt.

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Consideration of Hysteresis, Saturation, Fringing and Leakage Fluxes in the Frequency-Dependent Analytical Model of Nonlaminated Cylindrical Actuators

10.36227/techrxiv.14473641 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Seifert ◽

Johannes Porstmann ◽

Wilfried Hofmann

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Analytical Models ◽

Solid Core ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Frequency Dependent ◽

Pass Filter ◽

Digital Implementation ◽

Time Control ◽

Reluctance Network ◽

The Impact

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The Rhythm of Game Interactions: Player Experience and Rhythm in Minecraft and Don’t Starve

Games and Culture ◽

10.1177/1555412016646668 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 807-824 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Brigid Mary Costello

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Computer Game ◽

Phenomenological Approach ◽

Key Factors ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Time Control ◽

Repetitive Tasks ◽

Player Experience ◽

The Impact

This article investigates the impact that the rhythms of game interactions can have on a player’s experience of a computer game. Using a phenomenological approach, the research focuses on rhythmic experience within games and, in particular, on the rhythm of tree chopping within the games Minecraft and Don’t Starve. Graphic, aural, and embodied representations are used to closely analyze and compare a single-player experience within the two games. The analysis reflects on the efficacy of these methods and suggests some possible key factors for designing rhythmically expressive play experiences. It is suggested that combining real-time control with perceivable and performable repetition and variety can give the player expressive creative control over the rhythms of their performed interactions, potentially enriching their experience of repetitive tasks and extending the play life of a game.

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Intraoperative cervical epidurography: a simple modality for assessing the adequacy of decompression during anterior cervical procedures

Journal of Neurosurgery Spine ◽

10.3171/spi.2003.98.1.0096 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 98 (1) ◽

pp. 96-99 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Nedal Hejazi ◽

Alfred Witzmann ◽

Werner Hassler

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

High Speed ◽

Low Cost ◽

Cord Compression ◽

Real Time Control ◽

Immediate Feedback ◽

Content Type ◽

Bone Removal ◽

Time Control ◽

Fine Print

Object. Intraoperative cervical epidurography (ICE) was used during anterior cervical procedures to assess the success of bone resection and indicate the need for immediate correction in the event of inadequate decompression. Methods. The adequacy of decompression was assessed by the operating neurosurgeon who performed ICE after anterior microdiscectomy with exposure of the dura mater. If the decompression was deemed inadequate, additional bone was removed using a high-speed drill. Epidurography was conducted after each subsequent decompression until adequate bone removal was achieved. This was undertaken in 39 patients undergoing anterior cervical procedures. Nine patients underwent corpectomy, 21 one-level, and nine two-level discectomy. The ICE revealed insufficient resections requiring additional bone removal in 14 (36%) of the 39 patients. Conclusions. The goal of ICE is to ensure adequate decompression, and if such has not been achieved, to allow for additional immediate bone excision. Furthermore, ICE provides additional real-time control of the position of cages and screws to avoid dural tear or spinal cord compression. Because of this immediate feedback, the success rate of anterior cervical procedures can be improved. The advantages of this modality include real-time assessment, low cost, simplicity, and speed.

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