scholarly journals Challenges for adopting and implementing IoT in smart cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 1589-1616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijn Janssen ◽  
Sunil Luthra ◽  
Sachin Mangla ◽  
Nripendra P. Rana ◽  
Yogesh K. Dwivedi
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
Contextual Interactions ◽  
Use Of Internet ◽  
Power And Dependence

Purpose The wider use of Internet of Things (IoT) makes it possible to create smart cities. The purpose of this paper is to identify key IoT challenges and understand the relationship between these challenges to support the development of smart cities. Design/methodology/approach Challenges were identified using literature review, and prioritised and elaborated by experts. The contextual interactions between the identified challenges and their importance were determined using Interpretive Structural Modelling (ISM). To interrelate the identified challenges and promote IoT in the context of smart cities, the dynamics of interactions of these challenges were analysed using an integrated Matrice d’Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliqués à un Classement (MICMAC)-ISM approach. MICMAC is a structured approach to categorise variables according to their driving power and dependence. Findings Security and privacy, business models, data quality, scalability, complexity and governance were found to have strong driving power and so are key challenges to be addressed in sustainable cities projects. The main driving challenges are complexity and lack of IoT governance. IoT adoption and implementation should therefore focus on breaking down complexity in manageable parts, supported by a governance structure. Practical implications This research can help smart city developers in addressing challenges in a phase-wise approach by first ensuring solid foundations and thereafter developing other aspects. Originality/value A contribution originates from the integrated MICMAC-ISM approach. ISM is a technique used to identify contextual relationships among definite elements, whereas MICMAC facilitates the classification of challenges based on their driving and dependence power. The other contribution originates from creating an overview of challenges and theorising the contextual relationships and dependencies among the challenges.

Factors influencing the shaping of shared services business models

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Joha ◽  
Marijn Janssen
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Customer Orientation ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Shared Services ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Governance Processes

Purpose – Shared services are often viewed as a single type of business model but in reality, shared services can be organized in different ways. The goal of this research is to understand the factors influencing the shaping of shared services business models. Design/methodology/approach – Inductive case oriented research is conducted by investigating three different types of shared services arrangements using Al-Debei and Avison's unified framework for business models. Findings – A total of 12 different factors were identified that influence the shape of shared services business models including the path dependency, legal/regulatory driver, customer orientation, target segment, strategic importance, ICT/business orientation, IT governance structure, change strategy, degree of outsourcing, integration potential, economic rationale and the business value. Research limitations/implications – The level of customization and standardization can influence the potential benefits that can be gained from bundling services and it is important to understand the factors that influence this dimension. Practical implications – The appropriate configuration of these factors can be helpful to design shared services arrangements with a balanced degree of standardization and customization. The choices regarding the configuration of these factors could result in a more or less effective functioning business model and could influence the governance processes and mechanisms that need to be put in place. Originality/value – There is no prior research that addresses the shared services business model from a holistic perspective and this research provides a first conceptual model for shared services business models.

Systematic literature review on the security challenges of blockchain in IoT-based smart cities

Kybernetes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhihao Yu ◽  
Liang Song ◽  
Linhua Jiang ◽  
Omid Khold Sharafi
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Distributed Storage ◽  
Resource Planning ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Security Challenges

Purpose Security is the most important issue in Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart cities and blockchain (BC). So, the present paper aims to detect and organize the literature regarding security in the IoT-based smart cities and BC context. It also proposes an agenda for future research. Therefore, the authors did a statistical review of security in IoT and BC in smart cities. The present investigation aims to determine the principal challenges and disturbances in IoT because of the BC adoption, the central BC applications in IoT-based smart cities and the BC future in IoT-based smart cities. Design/methodology/approach IoT) has a notable influence on modernizing and transforming the society and industry for knowledge digitizing. Therefore, it may be perceived and operated in real time. The IoT is undergoing exponential development in industry and investigation. Still, it contains some security and privacy susceptibilities. Naturally, the research community pays attention to the security and privacy of the IoT. Also, the academic community has put a significant focus on BC as a new security project. In the present paper, the significant mechanisms and investigations in BC ground have been checked out systematically because of the significance of security in the IoT and BC in smart cities. Electronic databases were used to search for keywords. Totally, based on different filters, 131 papers have been gained, and 17 related articles have been obtained and analyzed. The security mechanisms of BC in IoT-based smart cities have been ranked into three main categories as follows, smart health care, smart home and smart agriculture. Findings The findings showed that BC’s distinctive technical aspects might impressively find a solution for privacy and security problems encountering the IoT-based smart cities development. They also supply distributed storage, transparency, trust and other IoT support to form a valid, impressive and secure distributed IoT network and provide a beneficial guarantee for IoT-based smart city users’ security and privacy. Research limitations/implications The present investigation aims to be comprehensive, but some restrictions were also observed. Owing to the use of some filters for selecting the original papers, some complete works may be excluded. Besides, inspecting the total investigations on the security topic in BC and the IoT-based smart cities is infeasible. Albeit, the authors attempt to introduce a complete inspection of the security challenges in BC and the IoT-based smart cities. BC includes significant progress and innovation in the IoT-based smart cities’ security domain as new technology. Still, it contains some deficiencies as well. Investigators actively encounter the challenges and bring up persistent innovation and inspection of related technologies in the vision of the issues available in diverse application scenarios. Practical implications The use of BC technology in finding a solution for the security issues of the IoT-based smart cities is a research hotspot. There is numerable literature with data and theoretical support despite the suggestion of numerous relevant opinions. Therefore, this paper offers insights into how findings may guide practitioners and researchers in developing appropriate security systems dependent upon the features of IoT-based smart city systems and BC. This paper may also stimulate further investigation on the challenge of security in BC and IoT-based smart cities. The outcomes will be of great value for scholars and may supply sights into future investigation grounds in the present field. Originality/value As the authors state according to their knowledge, it is the first work using security challenges on BC and IoT-based smart cities. The literature review shows that few papers discuss how solving security issues in the IoT-based smart cities can benefit from the BC. The investigation suggests a literature review on the topic, recommending some thoughts on using security tools in the IoT-based smart cities. The present investigation helps organizations plan to integrate IoT and BC to detect the areas to focus. It also assists in better resource planning for the successful execution of smart technologies in their supply chains.

scholarly journals A Gamification Framework for Energy Conservation and Customer Engagement in Smart Cities

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 3614-3624
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Customer Engagement ◽  
Game Based Learning ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
Strategy Game ◽  
Game Context ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Use Of Internet

The advancements in technology and the increased use of internet, digital business models and Internet of things (IoT) have paved a way for sustainable and inclusive cities that provide their citizens a clean and sustainable environment. Smart solutions of the smart cities focus on making the life of its citizens comfortable but they fail to make their everyday activities motivated in becoming sustainable. This paper proposes a gamification framework that aims to facilitate energy conservation and customer engagement in smart cities. By using game in a non-game context such as in this gamification framework, helps in keeping the fun element of the game intact while achieving the specified learning objective of energy efficiency. The proposed application aims at identifying energy wastages and motivates behavioral changes of the player combining team play, virtual rewards and life simulation. The paper explains various concepts of gamification and differentiates it from game-based learning. It proposes the gamification strategy, game mechanics drivers and motivators, game engine, game architecture, financial rewards and a detailed set of rules for the proposed gamification application. The application targets at promoting awareness and involvement of the players in managing their own resources, choices and behavior for a sustainable development. The paper aims at motivating the citizens and changing their behavior in a desired way.

scholarly journals Co-owned resources: IP and data in smart cities

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angeliki Maria Toli ◽  
Niamh Murtagh ◽  
Hedley Smyth
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Open Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
New Business ◽  
Value Propositions ◽  
Operant Resources

PurposeSmart city projects typically operate in consortia of actors that lead to the co-creation of jointly owned intellectual property (IP) and data. While IP and data are significant for economic development, there are very limited studies on their co-ownership regimes especially on co-ownership of open data and open intellectual property. This study address this gap.Design/methodology/approachThis study is qualitative. In total, 62 in-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out, with predominantly senior members of organisations actively involved in smart city projects. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.FindingsThere are three models of co-ownership of IP and data: contractual joint ownership, undetermined or not-yet-determined ownership and open ownership. Each ownership model impacts differently the value-in-use. The relationships between actors in the consortia affect the way in which they co-create IP and data.Originality/valueThis study demonstrates how projects that operate in new models of innovation-led consortia produce new types of resources that are not simply co-created but co-owned. Co-owned resources have different value-in-use for each one of the different actors, independently of the fact that they jointly own them. This is influenced by the type of ownership model and predisposition of the actors to initially share resources and be flexible. Co-owned resources may generate future value propositions, act as interconnected operant resources and lead to the creation of new business models.

Using bibliometric analysis to map innovative business models for vertical farm entrepreneurs

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Pietro Biancone ◽  
Valerio Brescia ◽  
Federico Lanzalonga ◽  
Gazi Mahabubul Alam
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Scaling Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vertical Farming ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
Multidisciplinary Nature

PurposeThis paper aims to explore the literature on vertical farming to define key elements to outline a business model for entrepreneurs. The research aims to stimulate entrepreneurship for vertical farming in a smart cities' context, recognising urban agriculture as technology to satisfy increasing food needs.Design/methodology/approachThe research conducts a structured literature review on 186 articles on vertical farming extracted from the Scopus. Moreover, the bibliometric analysis revealed the descriptive statistics on this field and the main themes through the authors' keywords.FindingsDifferent perspectives showed the multidisciplinary nature of the topic and how the intersection of different skills is necessary to understand the subject entirely. The keywords analysis allowed for identifying the topics covered by the authors and the business model's elements.Research limitations/implicationsThe research explores a topic in the embryonic stage to define key strands of literature. It provides business model insights extending George and Bock's (2011) research to stimulate entrepreneurship in vertical farming. Limitations arise from the sources used to develop our analysis and how the topic appears as a frontier innovation.Originality/valueOriginality is the integration of literature strands related to vertical farming, highlighting its multidisciplinary nature to provide a holistic understanding of the themes. In smart cities' context, innovations allow traditional business models to be interpreted in a novel perspective and revealed the elements for transforming vertical farming from innovative technology to an effective source of food sustenance. Finally, the paper suggests a new methodology application for the analysis of word clusters by integrating correspondence analysis and multidimensional scaling analysis.

Encrypted digital services weigh viability and privacy

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Communication Services ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technology Firms ◽  
Digital Services ◽  
Encrypted Communication

Subject Business models of encrypted communication services. Significance Founded in 2009 on principles of security and privacy, WhatsApp has become one of the most popular means of digital communication on the planet. It has 1.2 billion monthly active users, up from 450 million in 2014 -- but no revenue. Impacts Users will balance the privacy gains and monetary cost of using encrypted platforms. Faced with hate speech on encrypted services, government pressure is rising for increasing law enforcement access to such services. Resistance from employees of large technology firms over privacy will dictate changes to products as much as market forces or legislation.

scholarly journals An Efficient Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol  for IoT-Enabled Devices in Distributed Cloud Computing Architecture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huihui Huang ◽  
Siqi Lu ◽  
Zehui Wu ◽  
Qiang Wei
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Key Agreement ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Security Protocol ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Computing Architecture ◽  
Authentication And Key Agreement ◽  
Key Agreement Protocol ◽  
Use Of Internet ◽  
Distributed Cloud

Abstract With the widespread use of Internet of Things and cloud computing in smart cities, various security and privacy challenges may be encountered. The most basic problem is authentication between each application. Recently, in order to prevent counterfeiting attacks in the protocol of Amin et al.(2018), Kang et al. improved an authentication protocol for IoT-Enabled devices in a distributed cloud computing environment (2020). However, We found that the Kang et al.'s protocol still has a fatal vulnerability, that is, it is attacked by offline password guessing, and malicious users can easily obtain the master key of the control server. In this article, we extend their work to design a lightweight pseudonym identity based authentication and key agreement protocol using smart card. For illustrating the security of our protocol, we used the security protocol analysis tools of AVISPA and Scyther to prove that the protocol can defend against various existing attacks. We will further analyze the interaction between participants authentication path to ensure security protection from simulated attacks detailedly. In addition, based on the comparison of security functions and computing performance, our protocol is superior to the other two related protocols. As a result, the enhanced protocol will be efficient and secure in distributed cloud computing architecture for smart city.

scholarly journals The strategies of the Internet-Marketing instruments choice in accordance with the business model of the company on the web

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Oksana Yashkina ◽  
◽  
Mykyta Saveliev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Internet Marketing ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Web Resource ◽  
The People ◽  
Short Period ◽  
High Level ◽  
Use Of Internet ◽  
The Web

The aim of the article is to classify and form strategies of the commercial companies’ and non-commercial organisations’ promotion on the web. The results of analyses. During the analyses of the business models on the web, there were distinguished next possible strategies of the Use of Internet-Marketing instruments: Narrow specialization strategy – this strategy is appropriate for the companies, that want drive narrow specialized traffic to the web-resource. Narrow specialized clicks on the web-resource are specified requests of the user, that could contain professional terms. This kind of user-transitions belong to the people, who understand the subject deeply and can easily form necessary request, using search-engine. Narrow specialization strategy with the elements of reputation instruments – this strategy is appropriate for the companies, that want drive narrow specialized traffic to the web-resource. The main feature of the companies, that use narrow specialization strategy with the elements of reputation instruments, is that they have to have positive reputation, to wake up the interest of the user. Another main feature is that the companies sell the product, that could be freely scaled in a short period of time in comparison with a companies, that have got big productions. It is an element of publicity, that allows to reach first places in new segments. Wide specialization strategy – this strategy is appropriate for the companies, that want to drive more traffic to the web-resource, because this traffic is a source of companies’ income. The aim of the web-site is to answer to the information requests of the users, to encourage them to visit the web-resource and to reach the needed information through the watching of the advertising. Mixed specialization strategy – this strategy is appropriate for the companies, that have to use the large amount of the Internet-Marketing instruments due to the high level of the competition on the market. This type of the strategy requires larger amount of variable-costs, that’s why the level of the profit margin is low or middle. In this case, companies do want to increase their profit, selling their product to the big amount of consumers. This segment has a high level of competition. The synergy of reputation and publicity strategy – this strategy is appropriate for the non-commercial organisations, that have got an aim to educate their target audience or to collect the narrow- specialized information on their web-resource. The costs of the organisation are covered by the donation or by the month-fee. The administration of the organization is interested to support and expand their reputation, to wake up an interest in the larger amount of potential users. Conclusions and perspectives for further research. The classification of the business-models strategies on the web lets commercial companies and non-commercial organisations optimize their marketing processes, save resources, maximize the effectivity of the communication with their audience, in accordance with their aims

Multi-sided platform strategies for organizations: transforming the business model

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rubén Mancha ◽  
Steven Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Market Segment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Indirect Network Effects ◽  
Revenue Streams ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore and summarize the strategies organizations can follow when adopting a multi-sided platform (MSP) business model. MSPs benefit from direct and indirect network effects, quick scaling, fast innovation and new revenue streams. Design/methodology/approach This study draws from the literature on business model innovation to identify five strategies in which organizations can transform by creating or acquiring an MSP. This taxonomy is confirmed with a classification of 20 MSPs adopted by 18 organizations, 5 short case studies and an interview with an executive involved in the launch of an organization’s MSP. Findings To implement an MSP, companies can expand their offerings, intermediate their industry with a marketplace, expand to new geographies or market segment, co-innovate their core product or service and co-innovate complementary offerings. Practical implications Organizations are presented with five distinct approaches to transform their business model and benefit from MSP interactions. The cases, quotes from executives and analyzes will serve organizations in designing a platform strategy. Originality/value This study provides executives and researchers with insights about how organizations can transform their business models with MSPs.

Modelling and analysis of factors for implementation of smart cities: TISM approach

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Singh ◽  
Ashim Raj Singla
Keyword(s):  
Smart Cities ◽  
Matrix Multiplication ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Micmac Analysis ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Structural Framework ◽  
Primary Basis ◽  
Power And Dependence

Purpose The concept of “Smart Cities” is gaining prominence across the world as a solution to effectively address the issues or impediments faced by cities due to rapid urbanization. The purpose of this paper is to identify the key factors which form the primary basis for the implementation of “Smart Cities”. Particularly, this paper aims to analyse the contextual relationship and driving/dependence power of these key factors and model these using the total interpretive structural modelling (“TISM”) framework. Design/methodology/approach The key factors which form the basis for the implementation of Smart Cities were identified through an evaluation of the literature on “Smart Cities” and expert opinions. Thereon, the contextual relationship between these key factors was examined with the help of experts. Thereafter, these key factors were modelled using the total interpretive structured modelling (“TISM”) framework. Cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis was further applied to classify the factors. It is pertinent to note that the driving power and dependence of these key factors were also reviewed. Findings This paper establishes a TISM of the key factors for the implementation of “Smart Cities” which will aid in examining the interrelationship among the factors and will also identify the hierarchy among these factors. On extensive examination of the literature and expert opinions on “Smart Cities”, it can be asserted through TISM that quality of life (F1), e-services adoption (F5) and economic growth (F8) are the leading factors in establishing “Smart Cities”. Furthermore, it must be noted that the MICMAC analysis and driving-dependence graph helps in classifying the key factors as autonomous factors, drivers, linkages and outcomes, which assists in comprehending which factors possess driver power and which are exhibiting dependency. Originality/value The contribution lies in the authentic manner in which this paper attempts to use the TISM approach combined with MICMAC analysis to model key factors for the implementation of “Smart Cities”; which would aid and assist policymakers and practitioners to construct a structural framework for the implementation of “Smart Cities” through identification of drivers, linkages and outcomes.

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