Spatial analysis of child labour in India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lokender Prashad ◽  
Mili Dutta ◽  
Bishnu Mohan Dash
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Child Labour ◽  
District Level ◽  
School Level ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Level Data

Purpose This study on spatial analysis of child labour in India is a macro level analysis on child labour using the census data, 2011 of Government of India. The population census which is conducted once in 10 years only provides district level data on work-force distribution. The study has spatial analysis of child labour in the age group of 5–14 years in India. To assess the magnitude of the children in the labour force, district level data of Census 2011 has been used in the study. The study has made an attempt to identify the districts where there is high level of children in the labour force. This paper aims to estimate the magnitude and trends of children’s workforce participation using the census data as it is the only data base, which is available at the district level since 1961 onwards. The study has made an attempt to identify the clustering of child labour across districts in India and how child labour is clustered by different background characteristics. Design/methodology/approach The study has used ArcGIS software package, GeoDa software and local indicator of spatial association test. Findings The findings of study reveal that the proportion of rural, total fertility rate (TFR) and poverty headcount ratio is positively associated, whereas female literacy and the pupil-teacher ratio are negatively associated with child labour. It suggests that in the hot-spot areas and areas where there is a high prevalence of child labour, there is need to increase the teacher's number at the school level to improve the teacher-pupil ratio and also suggested to promote the female education, promote family planning practices to reduce TFR in those areas for reducing the incidences of child labour. Research limitations/implications The study also recommends that the incidences of child labour can be controlled by a comprehensive holistic action plan with the active participation of social workers. Practical implications The promulgation of effective legislation, active involvement of judiciary and police, political will, effective poverty alleviation and income generation programmes, sensitisation of parents, corporates and media can play effective role in mitigating the incidences of child labour in India. To achieve the sustainable development goals (SDGs) adopted by world leaders in 2015 to eradicate child labour in all its forms by 2025. Social implications The study aims to achieve the SDGs adopted by world leaders in 2015 to eradicate child labour in all its forms by 2025. Originality/value The study is purely original and there are no such studies in Indian context by using the latest software.

scholarly journals Differences in state- and district-level stakeholders’ perceptions of curriculum coherence and school impact in national curriculum reform

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Sullanmaa ◽  
Kirsi Pyhältö ◽  
Janne Pietarinen ◽  
Tiina Soini
Keyword(s):  
Curriculum Reform ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Latent Profile Analysis ◽  
National Curriculum ◽  
District Level ◽  
School Level ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Core ◽  
High Coherence

Purpose Shared understandings of curriculum reform within and between the levels of the educational system are suggested to be crucial for the reform to take root. The purpose of this paper is to explore variation in perceived curriculum coherence and school impact among state- and district-level stakeholders. Design/methodology/approach The participants (n=666) included state- and district-level stakeholders involved in a national curriculum reform in Finland. Latent profile analysis was employed to identify profiles based on participants’ perceptions of the core curriculum’s coherence and the reform’s impact on school development. Findings Two profiles were identified: high coherence and impact, and lower consistency of the intended direction and impact. State-level stakeholders had higher odds of belonging to the high coherence and impact profile than their district-level counterparts. Practical implications The results imply that more attention needs to be paid in developing a shared and coherent understanding particularly of the intended direction of the core curriculum as well as the reform’s effects on school-level development among state- and district-level stakeholders. Originality/value The study contributes to the literature on curriculum reform by shedding light on the variation in perceived curriculum coherence and school impact of those responsible for a large-scale national curriculum reform process at different levels of the educational system.

Reading the geography of India’s district-level fertility differentials: a spatial econometric approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Haque ◽  
Dipendra Nath Das ◽  
Priyank Pravin Patel
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Fertility Transition ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
District Level ◽  
Fertility Level ◽  
Related Factors

AbstractIndia has gradually progressed into fertility transition over the last few decades. However, the timing and pace of this transition has varied notably in terms of both its geography and the demographic groups most affected by it. While much literature exists on the relationships between fertility level and its influence on demographic, economic, socio-cultural and policy-related factors, the potential spatial variations in the effects of these factors on the fertility level remain unaddressed. Using the most recent district-level census data (of 2011) for India, this nationwide study has identified plausible spatial dependencies and heterogeneities in the relationships between the district-wise Total Fertility Rates (TFRs) and their respective demographic, socioeconomic and cultural factors. After developing a geocoded database for 621 districts of India, spatial regression and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models were used to decipher location-based relationships between the district-level TFR and its driving forces. The results revealed that the relationships between the district-level TFR and the considered selected predictors (percentage of Muslims, urbanization, caste group, female mean age at marriage, female education, females in the labour force, net migration, sex ratio at birth and exposure to mass media) were not spatially invariant in terms of their respective strength, magnitude and direction, and furthermore, these relationships were conspicuously place- and context-specific. This study suggests that such locality-based variations and their complexities cannot be explained simply by a single narrative of either socioeconomic advancement or government policy interventions. It therefore contributes to the ongoing debate on fertility research in India by highlighting the spatial dependence and heterogeneity of the impacts made by demographic, socioeconomic and cultural factors on local fertility levels. From a methodological perspective, the study also discerns that the GWR local model performs better, in terms of both model performance and prediction accuracy, compared with the conventional global model estimates.

Patterns of living arrangements of the elderly in mainland China

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiehua Lu ◽  
Yun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Elderly People ◽  
Living Arrangements ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Living Arrangement ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Healthy Longevity

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the changes and consequences of the patterns of Chinese elderly population’s living arrangements. It contains information that can be considered for future policy making for the elderly and to gain a better understanding of the social transition in China. Design/methodology/approach Based on the analysis of the population census data in 2000 and 2010, the authors examined the changes and trends of the living arrangements of the elderly Chinese population. Furthermore, the authors analyzed factors influencing the Chinese elderly’s living arrangements according to the data acquired from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Findings First, the proportion of the elderly people living with children has been decreasing. Second, the proportions of elderly people “living alone” and “living with spouse independently” has largely increased. Third, the changes and trends showed differences between urban and rural regions. Originality/value By looking at the characteristics among elderly people with different living arrangement patterns, those that are “living alone” are typically in disadvantaged conditions, and thus special attention should be paid with regards to related research and policies for the elderly who are “living alone.”

Female labour force participation: evidence from Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 1489-1505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abena Yeboah Abraham ◽  
Fidelia Nana Akom Ohemeng ◽  
Williams Ohemeng
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Social Reforms ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine female labour force participation (FLFP) and their employment choice between the formal and informal sectors after several institutional and social reforms such as Millennium Development Goal 3 aimed at promoting gender equality and empowerment of women by 2015, using data from Ghana’s 2010 Population and Housing Census. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, logit regression and multinomial logit techniques were employed. Findings The results show that FLFP has declined marginally from the 2005 figures; education remains the important factor in determining women’s participation in the formal sector. Strikingly 91 per cent of the FLFP is engaged in the informal sector of the Ghanaian economy, a sector with a very low contribution per head. Practical implications Interventions such as encouraging female education and retraining of self-employed females to improve upon their efficiency ought to be pursued vigorously; whiles developing rural areas for females to get equal labour opportunities and many others aimed at enhancing the efficiency and by inference earning per head of the informal sector is highly recommended. Originality/value The literature on the FLFP is thin in Ghana. The current study uses a census data unlike the previous studies and as such employed a huge sample size that reflects the reality in Ghana. The study contributed immensely to policy having established that 91 per cent of the female labour force is engaged in the informal sectors of the economy, and therefore any intervention targeting at reducing poverty and meeting the MDG 3 should be targeted at the informal sector of the Ghanaian economy.

scholarly journals Ethnic undercurrent and macro-level determinants of voter participation in Ghana’s 2012 election: Implications for the 2020 national elections

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-177
Author(s):  
Seidu Mahama Alidu ◽  
Gbensuglo Alidu Bukari
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Census Data ◽  
District Level ◽  
Macro Level ◽  
Voter Participation ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Unique Approach ◽  
Election Results

In this paper we analyze the ethnic undercurrent and macro-level determinants influencing voter participation in Ghana based on aggregate district-level data. The paper focuses on the determinants that influenced citizens’ political participation in the 2012 Presidential elections of the Fourth Republic of Ghana and their implications for the December 2020 national elections. The unique approach of this paper is that district-level aggregate data on economic characteristics compiled by the Ghana Statistical Service are synchronised with district-level national presidential election results compiled by the Electoral Commission of Ghana to ascertain the determinants of participation. The analysis is based on the concept of the “Average District Voter” which is analyzed using district-level census data combined with national election results. Statistical analysis was used to complementarily assess the determinants of voter participation in the Ghanaian 2012 presidential elections. The results of the analysis thus established two major points; that ethnic identification with regard to the two major ethnic groups in Ghana (i.e., the Asantes and the Ewes) has clearly influenced voter turnout, and second, that worsening socio-economic conditions played a role in voter turnout in the 2012 presidential elections and these issues will ultimately determine the winner of the 2020 national elections.

scholarly journals Workforce and Employment Estimates: New Zealand 1921-1939

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Rankin
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Full Employment ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Population Census ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Savings Bank ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Unemployment Data

New Zealand does not have a consistent set of employment and unemployment data for the interwar years. The best source is the Population Census which was held three times, but not during the Great Depression. There is also a consistent set of official factory statistics which commences in 1921, and can be separated into males and females, adults and minors. This paper uses an estimate for the 1933 workforce that is equivalent to the census data points of 1921, 1926 and 1936. It also uses officially sourced employment estimates for 1939. From these data points ,from the factory data, and from Post Office Savings Bank balances, a set of equations are constructed from which annual  employment data are drawn. Workforce estimates for periods of high unemployment are interpolated in accordance with the subsequent recoveries. The 1920s was a period of insecurity and low female participation. The 1930s saw a transformation from mass unemployment to full employment in just six years, despite a rise in labour force participation.

Data use in Kenyan secondary schools

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisha Omoso ◽  
Kim Schildkamp ◽  
Jules Pieters
Keyword(s):  
School Improvement ◽  
Secondary School Teachers ◽  
Data Use ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
School Level ◽  
Teacher Improvement ◽  
Head Teachers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Study Results

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the data available and their use by Kenyan secondary school teachers and head teachers. Design/methodology/approach Using a qualitative case study design, this study utilised interviews and documentary evidence to explore the data available and their use within Kenyan schools. Findings The data available in Kenyan schools were similar except for context data which had slight variations between schools. Head teachers mainly used school-level data to monitor school functioning, plan and develop school-level policies which mainly focused on school and curriculum improvement but little on teacher improvement. Teacher improvement attempts were mostly via benchmarking. The results also show that Kenyan head teachers hide inspection reports from teachers and that some head teachers used data creatively than others. For example, one head teacher used data to start a feeding programme to support economically disadvantaged students. Teachers, however, mostly used classroom-level data to plan lessons and monitor students’ progress. Research limitations/implications The study results may be used for data use comparative studies between developing and developed countries. Practical implications Based on the findings, data use training is needed to help Kenyan schools use data to improve teachers and teaching. Originality/value Accountability and data use are at the centre of many school improvement efforts the world over. The last two decades, for example, show pressure on schools to account for the resources invested and for the education they provide to children mainly in the form of data. Regrettably, studies pay little attention to data use in schools within developing countries such as Kenya.

Evaluating the effectiveness of an online module for increasing financial literacy

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Wolla
Keyword(s):  
Online Learning ◽  
High School Students ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Financial Literacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Financial Knowledge ◽  
School Level ◽  
School Students ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Level Data

Purpose Financial literacy is lacking across all age groups, but less than one-third of young adults have even basic financial knowledge. Research has demonstrated that online learning is effective. As such, online learning strategies may be a useful tool for improving the financial literacy of high school students. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This study uses student-level (N=3,061) and school-level data (n=100) to examine the effectiveness of Soar to Savings, an online learning module that teaches key personal finance and economics concepts. Findings The findings show large, positive, and statistically significant gains in learning from pretest to posttest for the student-level and school-level samples. Originality/value The results provide evidence that Soar to Savings is an effective tool for increasing financial knowledge.

scholarly journals A Micro-Level Data-Calibrated Agent-Based Model: The Synergy between Microsimulation and Agent-Based Modeling

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-148
Author(s):  
Karandeep Singh ◽  
Chang-Won Ahn ◽  
Euihyun Paik ◽  
Jang Won Bae ◽  
Chun-Hee Lee
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Agent Based Modeling ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Artificial Society ◽  
Level Data ◽  
The Future

Artificial life (ALife) examines systems related to natural life, its processes, and its evolution, using simulations with computer models, robotics, and biochemistry. In this article, we focus on the computer modeling, or “soft,” aspects of ALife and prepare a framework for scientists and modelers to be able to support such experiments. The framework is designed and built to be a parallel as well as distributed agent-based modeling environment, and does not require end users to have expertise in parallel or distributed computing. Furthermore, we use this framework to implement a hybrid model using microsimulation and agent-based modeling techniques to generate an artificial society. We leverage this artificial society to simulate and analyze population dynamics using Korean population census data. The agents in this model derive their decisional behaviors from real data (microsimulation feature) and interact among themselves (agent-based modeling feature) to proceed in the simulation. The behaviors, interactions, and social scenarios of the agents are varied to perform an analysis of population dynamics. We also estimate the future cost of pension policies based on the future population structure of the artificial society. The proposed framework and model demonstrates how ALife techniques can be used by researchers in relation to social issues and policies.

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