A review and critique of content analysis as a methodology for inquiring into IC disclosure

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dumay ◽  
Linlin Cai
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Citation Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive View ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review and critique the current status of content analysis (CA) as a research method for inquiring into intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) to determine if CA has a continued role to play in developing new intellectual capital (IC) knowledge. Design/methodology/approach – In all, 110 articles utilising CA as a research methodology for inquiring into ICD are analysed. The research is developed in line with other articles critically investigating IC research conducted by Guthrie et al. (2012), Dumay and Garanina (2013) and Dumay (2014). To help understand the impact of CA research articles, the data set is supplemented by including citation data from Google Scholar. The authors also differentiate the paper from other IC research reviews by critically examining the findings and implications of the articles analysed. Findings – The authors do not hold a very positive view on future research which does not substantially depart from the plethora of articles examining ICD using annual reports as a data source or who do not in some way radically change the approach. The authors are of the view that early research into ICD using CA as a methodology was warranted because there was little knowledge about the pattern of IC disclosure in annual reports and other possible ICD forms. However, the research into ICD using annual reports and other data sources has added little more than prove that companies are unwilling to publicly disclose IC to their stakeholders. While the authors do not hold a positive view on future CA research based on annual reports, the authors do hold out hope that researchers will transform their understanding and application of CA as a research methodology and offer one example of how this might be achieved. Originality/value – The paper presents a comprehensive critical review of published articles utilising CA as a research methodology for inquiring into ICD along with measuring the impact of the articles using citation data from Google Scholar. Hence, the research and its impacts are simultaneously assessed offering insights into the future role that CA as a research methodology has to play in developing new IC knowledge.

15 years of the Journal of Intellectual Capital and counting

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dumay
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Google Scholar ◽  
Journal Ranking ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Citation Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Impact Data ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review and critique the current status of intellectual capital (IC) research as published in the Journal of Intellectual Capital (JIC) as it heads into its 15th year with a view to understanding the past and possible direction of future IC research. Design/methodology/approach – Articles published in the JIC are reviewed building on prior IC research and analysis by Guthrie et al. (2012) and Dumay and Garanina (2013). To help understand the impact of articles in the JIC the analysis is supplemented by including citation data from google scholar, journal impact data from the SCImago Journal & Country Rank portal, and the 2013 Australian Business Dean's Council (ABDC) journal ranking list. Also included is commentary from the JIC's senior editors based on their responses to questions asked via e-mail relating to their involvement in, and the future of, the JIC. Findings – The JIC faces a challenge as it is most recognised as an accounting journal despite its focus on managing IC. The research published in the JIC is multidisciplinary as it comes from a wide range of perspectives. However, there appears to be a paucity of research emanating from different perspectives, most notably from North American academics, and a lack of focus on the private and public sectors. However, new perspectives of IC, especially that associated with IC praxis and the third stage of IC research are emerging as transformational opportunities for future IC research, along with the opportunity to experiment with transdisciplinary research. Originality/value – The paper presents a comprehensive critical review of the articles published in the JIC along with measuring the impact of the articles using citation data from google scholar. Using this approach, the type of research and its impacts can be simultaneously assessed to offer insights into future transformational IC research opportunities, and how IC researchers and the JIC can also be transformational.

Exploring the impact of intellectual capital on company reputation and performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 915-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianluca Ginesti ◽  
Adele Caldarelli ◽  
Annamaria Zampella
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Corporate Reputation ◽  
Intangible Asset ◽  
Competition Authority ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of intellectual capital (IC) on the reputation and performance of Italian companies. Design/methodology/approach The paper exploits a unique data set of 452 non-listed companies that obtained a reputational assessment from the Italian Competition Authority (ICA). To test the hypotheses, this study implemented several regression analyses. Findings Results support the argument that human capital efficiency is a key driver of corporate reputation. Findings also reveal that companies, which obtained reputational rating under ICA scrutiny, show a positive relationship between IC elements and various measures of financial performance. Research limitations/implications The study focuses on a single country; it is not free from the imprecisions of Pulic’s VAIC model. Practical implications This paper recommends companies that are interested to achieve a robust reputation should consider the human capital as a strategic intangible asset. Second, the results suggest that companies with an ICA reputational rating are able to leverage their intangibles to potentiate performance and competitiveness. Originality/value This is the first empirical investigation on the contribution of IC in generating value for corporate reputation. Additionally, the study contributes to the literature on the link between IC and performance by examining a sample of firms not yet explored in prior research.

The impact of the Combined Code in Greek soft law

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 445-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michail Nerantzidis ◽  
John Filos ◽  
Anastasios Tsamis ◽  
Maria-Eleni Agoraki
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Soft Law ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Analysis Methodology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Specific Number

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent of Combined code (2010) impact in the Greek soft law (SEV code, 2011) and the adoption of an overlapping set (between the two codes) of best practice provisions in Greece. Design/methodology/approach – Content analysis was conducted to examine the similarities between the UK’s Combined code (2010) and the Greek SEV code (2011). Moreover, a sample of 219 Greek listed companies’ annual reports was analyzed, and their compliance with a specific number of provisions was evaluated. Findings – Through analyzing the content of both codes, it was found that from the total 64 provisions of the SEV code (2011), 45 were matched to at least one of the Combined codes (2010). From these 45 provisions, 26 were characterized as “in spirit” influence and 19 as “in letter”. Based on this evidence, 22 overlapping practices were selected to investigate the compliance and a quite low rate was revealed, an average percentage of 30.46 per cent. These findings indicate that while exogenous forces trigger the development and adoption of a code in Greece, in line with the UK’s, the endogenous forces tend to avoid the compliance with that “exogenous practices”. Moreover, the results support the idea that the Greek national code should be reshaped to fit the different country’s characteristics. Research limitations/implications – The research limitations are associated with the content analysis methodology, as well as the reliability of corporate governance (CG)statements. Originality/value – This study contributes to understanding in a more comprehensive manner the impact of Combined Code (2010) in Greek soft law. More specifically, based on a previous case study, this paper extends the seven analyzed factors of Koutoupis’ (2012) research to the total CG provisions of both codes. However, it goes further and develops a coding scheme to rate the level of compliance of the overlapping provisions.

Involuntary disclosure of intellectual capital: is it relevant?

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dumay ◽  
James Guthrie
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Good ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Impact ◽  
A Company ◽  
Share Value

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an exploratory essay evaluating whether involuntary intellectual capital disclosure (ICD) is value relevant to stakeholders. The authors define involuntary disclosure as “what external stakeholders and stakeseekers disclose about a company”. This essay is timely because it lays the foundations for future ICD research that departs from traditional analyses of corporate reports, especially annual reports. Design/methodology/approach The paper provides a critical reflection on current and future developments in ICD research. The normative arguments rely on the experience and expertise along with examples from the ICD literature and contemporary business media to critique existing ICD research and practice and to offer new ways forward for future research. Findings In highlighting the limitations of the traditional ICD literature, the authors provide a foundation from which researchers should contemplate a powerful new force in ICD brought about by the rapid transformation in technologies and forces of mass communication. The authors introduce the concept of “involuntary disclosure”, and highlight several key issues that intellectual capital (IC) researchers should consider if they want their academic endeavours to contribute not only to practice, but to a wider environmental and social good. Practical implications Involuntary disclosures produced by stakeholders and stakeseekers introduce opportunities and threats to organisations, bringing new risks that impact share value and reputations. How well organisation manage these risks, and the impact inside and outside organisational boundaries, to provide economic, environmental and social value, should provide ample fuel for future transformational IC research. Originality/value The most value relevant disclosures are not what an organisation discloses or reports about itself, but rather what stakeholders and stakeseekers communicate. However, how reliable are involuntary disclosures and how can stakeholders and organisations verify IC disclosures coming from outside the organisation? If involuntary IC disclosures are value relevant, how might organisations seek to influence and manage them to serve their ends?

Understanding the impact of intellectual capital on entrepreneurship: a literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Crupi ◽  
Fabrizio Cesaroni ◽  
Alberto Di Minin
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Family Firms ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Bibliographic Coupling ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe present paper aims to explore and map the development of the intellectual capital (IC)-related studies by answering the following research questions: (1) what are the theoretical pillars on which prior literature focusing on the IC–entrepreneurship relationship has grown and expanded?; (2) what are the main research areas covered by past literature focused on the IC–entrepreneurship relationship?; (3) which areas of research should be explored in the future?Design/methodology/approachThe study relied on the co-citation analysis and bibliographic coupling techniques to investigate a complete data set of IC–entrepreneurship publications.FindingsFindings indicated that scholars' attention had increased, starting from the beginning of the 2000s due to the widespread recognition of the importance of knowledge for firms' competitive advantage. Results of the co-citation clustering analysis have identified five main theoretical building blocks of the IC–entrepreneurship literature, which addressed both the basics of IC foundations and more specific aspects related to IC (family firms and the measurement of IC). Results of the bibliographic coupling analysis indicated that future studies should consider the existence of interactions and synergies among the different components of IC. Furthermore, attention should be devoted to the management practices of IC.Originality/valueThe present study represents the contributions offered by IC to studies about entrepreneurship strategies. Building on findings emerging from a qualitative content analysis on clustered prior publications, the authors discuss a research agenda that is expected to inspire future studies to continue the exploration of the crucial characteristics of IC in contributing to entrepreneurial and managerial studies.

scholarly journals The association between intellectual capital and financial performance in the Islamic banking industry

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.A. Ousama ◽  
Helmi Hammami ◽  
Mustafa Abdulkarim
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Islamic Banks ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Gcc Countries ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically investigate the impact of intellectual capital (IC) on the financial performance of Islamic banks operating in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Design/methodology/approach The study measures IC by the value added intellectual coefficient model. A regression analysis was used to assess the impact of IC on financial performance. The research sample consisted of Islamic banks operating in the GCC countries during the years 2011, 2012 and 2013. Data originated from the annual reports of Islamic banks. Findings The results support the thesis that IC has a positive impact on the financial performance of Islamic banks. Even though the average IC is lower than that reported in other studies, the positive effect on financial performance is obvious. The findings also show that human capital (HC) is higher than capital employed (CE) and structural capital (SC). The study reveals that SC has an insignificant impact on the financial performance of the Islamic banks compared to CE and HC. Practical implications The findings provide empirical evidence that IC affects the Islamic banks’ financial performance. It helps Islamic banks in the GCC countries to understand how to use their IC efficiently, especially SC as it is yet to be used efficiently. Also, the findings benefit the relevant authorities (e.g. legislators and central banks) who could use them to emphasise strategic policy reforms whenever required. Originality/value The current research adds to the empirical studies in the GCC countries as it views the region as a collective as opposed to individual countries. It also extends the IC and performance measurement literature of Islamic banks in the GCC countries. Moreover, the current study enriches the limited literature on IC in the context of Islamic banking.

Intellectual capital reporting and mandatory adoption of post-IFRS – An empirical analysis using computational linguistic tools

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankur Kulshrestha ◽  
Archana Patro
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Value Relevance ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Term Weighting ◽  
Weighting Schemes ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mandatory Adoption ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe study aims to report empirical evidence on the impact of mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in India on the voluntary intellectual capital reporting (ICR) and its value relevance. The study also tests the effect of term-weighting schemes used for information retrieval studies in the domain area of ICR.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses computational linguistics tools to measure ICR by Indian firms in the period 2014–2019. The study developed term frequencies for 23 ICR attributes using bag-of-words methodology from the annual reports. The word counts were used to construct two distinct measures of ICR, quantity and quality, deploying different term-weighting schemes, equal weighting and the term frequency-inverted document frequency (TF-IDF) weighting, respectively. A combination of parametric and non-parametric tests has been employed to examine the different hypothesis.FindingsThe quantity of ICR was found to have increased post-IFRS adoption. However, the quality of ICR had fallen significantly, which resulted in the loss of value relevance of ICR. Firms making higher disclosures but of inferior quality experienced suboptimal market returns. Variation in inter-firm ICR has reduced. Size effect and sector effect continue but have attenuated. The study acknowledges the enormous impact of term-weighting schemes, used for information retrieval studies, in the domain area of ICR.Practical implicationsThe study strongly adds to the momentum in favour of a formal ICR standard to improve its quality, restore its value relevance and facilitate more effective decision-making where the valuation of a firm is a critical input. The study presages the firms not to make poor-quality disclosures to avoid suboptimal stock performance.Originality/valueThe study sheds light on the impact of the adoption of post-IFRS on ICR in India. The study establishes the effect of term-weighting schemes, used for linguistic studies, in the domain area of ICR and adds to the literature by explaining one of the critical reasons for the dichotomy in ICR trends.

Using content analysis as a research methodology for investigating intellectual capital disclosure

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Dumay ◽  
Linlin Cai
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Current State ◽  
Rigorous Research ◽  
Comprehensive Text ◽  
Drawing Board ◽  
Research Questions

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to build on Dumay and Cai’s (2014) prior research to provide a deeper analysis of the problems associated with using content analysis (CA) as a research methodology for investigating intellectual capital disclosure (ICD). Design/methodology/approach – Totally, 110 articles utilising CA as a research methodology for inquiring into ICD are analysed based on Krippendorff’s (2013) conceptual CA research framework and design logic, and tied into issues relating to CA as a research methodology for investigating ICD. Findings – The authors advocate that ICD CA researchers need to go back to the drawing board and ensure that future studies rigorously apply the basic logic of CA design. In its current state, ICD CA research needs to take a few steps back, before it can move forward. If ICD CA researchers can accomplish this, then there is an opportunity to undertake rigorous research to develop reliable and valid outputs that add to new knowledge about IC. Research limitations/implications – The main limitations of the research are the chosen sample of CA-based ICD articles and the adoption of the Krippendorff’s framework. However, the authors have identified the main corpus of CA-based ICD studies and since Krippendorff is the only recognised comprehensive text on CA as a methodology, the authors use the most appropriate data and framework possible for the analysis. Originality/value – Prior CA studies have laid the foundation for what is a popular research methodology. However, the authors argue that the popularity of CA as a research method for investigating ICD has become so great that at times the research methodology “drives the research questions” as opposed to the “research questions driving the methodology” Hence, this research examines reasons for CA limited contemporary contribution and recommends how this may be overcome rather than prescribing how to conduct ICD CA research.

scholarly journals Determinants of financial performance of Islamic banks: an intellectual capital perspective

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasawar Nawaz ◽  
Roszaini Haniffa
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Significant Positive Relationship ◽  
Accounting Performance ◽  
Capital Efficiency ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically examine the effect of intangible resources, i.e. intellectual capital (IC) on financial performance of 64 Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) operating in 18 different countries for the period 2007-2011, while controlling for firm-specific variables, namely, bank size, level of risk, listing status, and firm complexity. Design/methodology/approach The required data to calculate different constituents of IC are derived from Bankscope database. Value Added Intellectual Coefficient (VAIC) methodology devised by Pulic is used to determine the impact of IC on financial performance of IFIs. Findings Results indicate a significant positive relationship between VAIC and accounting performance based on return on assets (ROA). The results further indicate a significant positive relationship between accounting performance and capital employed efficiency (CEE) and human capital efficiency (HCE), but no significant relationship with regards to structural capital efficiency. Overall, the results suggest that value creation capability of IFIs is highly influenced by HCE and CEE. Research limitations/implications The main limitation of the present study lies in its methodological tool, the VAIC methodology, which has been criticized by some researchers as not really measuring IC. Despite the inherent limitation of the VAIC methodology which relies on secondary data published in annual reports, it is still considered by some researchers as one of the best available tool to measure firms’ IC in the absence of access to detailed internal information on IC. Practical implications The findings may serve as a useful input for Islamic bankers in managing their investments in IC within their institutions. Originality/value The main contribution of this paper is to use a previously little-studied area, Islamic banking and finance, to identify the effect of intellectual capital on performance.

Corporate community involvement disclosures in annual report

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kemi Yekini ◽  
Kumba Jallow
Keyword(s):  
Community Involvement ◽  
Quality Score ◽  
Set Covering ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Corporate Community Involvement ◽  
Corporate Community ◽  
The Impact

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine whether corporate community involvement disclosures (CCID) in annual reports can be construed as a measure of corporate community development (CCD) or a mere signal of corporate social responsibility (CSR) observance.Design/methodology/approachUsing content analysis and a quality score index, the study examined a panel data set covering the period from 1999 to 2008. The data was collected from a sample of 270 annual reports of 27 UK companies taken from the top 100 companies for corporate responsibility (BITC ranking, 2008). The research framework involves the use of signalling theory to investigate the information content of CCID.FindingsIt is found that the volume of corporate community disclosure (CCID) has a significant association with its total quality score (TQS) although the impact was found to be very small. CCID was also found to be strongly and positively associated with the volume of total CSR disclosed in annual reports. Hence the quantity and quality of CCID in annual reports increased significantly as the quantity of CSR disclosure also increased. Furthermore, the TQS was found to respond to company size and Corporate Governance measures such as audit committee size and board composition, and the existence of standalone CSR Reports, while other measures of public pressure such as leverage, profitability and industrial sector were not statistically significantly related with TQS.Originality/valueThis paper contributes to CSR literature in general and CCID literature in particular. The originality stems from the fact that it employs a signalling framework and a panel study approach as opposed to cross‐sectional only or time‐series only data to examine a less researched social disclosure – corporate community involvement.

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