Entrepreneurial cognitions in academia: exploring gender differences

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 630-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Esther Alonso-Galicia ◽  
Virginia Fernández-Pérez ◽  
Lázaro Rodríguez-Ariza ◽  
María del Mar Fuentes-Fuentes
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
Equation Analysis ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to draw from an adapted model of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and from existing models of entrepreneurial intention (EI) to analyse the role of gender on academics’ perceptions concerning the commercialisation of their research results. In particular, the authors explore differences in perceptions arising from diverse cognitions, such as attitudes towards entrepreneurial activities, the influence of close social groups and opportunity recognition self-efficacy. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was addressed to 500 Spanish academics who have headed research projects with public funding in technology-related areas, and the results were subjected to multigroup structural equation analysis (LISREL) to determine the extent and nature of the differences within this group. Findings – The results obtained show that the influence of close social groups is perceived differently by men and women, particularly as regards the support received for academics’ attitudes and perceptions of control over the development of EI. Practical implications – The aim is to better understand the world facing academics and the influences on their intention to commercialise research outcomes. An understanding of these issues offers the opportunity to design appropriate government interventions to assist academic entrepreneurs undertaking a business venture. Originality/value – This paper considers an under-researched area that of female entrepreneurship in academia, traditionally considered a male-dominated activity. Helpful information is provided on gender differences in the academic context.

Brazilian women’s entrepreneurial profile and intention

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Viveiros de Castro Krakauer ◽  
Gustavo Hermínio Salati Marcondes de Moraes ◽  
Roberto Coda ◽  
Davi de França Berne
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Robust Model ◽  
Behavioural Profile ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
Probabilistic Sample ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The paper aims to investigate the existence of typical preferred behaviours that might characterize Brazilian women’s entrepreneurial profile and whether this profile influences their motivation to undertake a venture. Design/methodology/approach Following the evolution of the literature on women entrepreneurship, the study criticizes the rational view that conceives entrepreneurship as a universal phenomenon and immune to gender. A quantitative approach based on multivariate data analysis (structural equation modelling) was applied to a sample of 418 women entrepreneurs with regard to six hypotheses associated with a specifically conceived conceptual model. Findings The behavioural categories tested in the model that most influence Brazilian women’s entrepreneurial profile are planning, identifying opportunities, sociability and leadership, corroborating the results of other international studies. Behaviours connected with persistence did not correlate to Brazilian women’s entrepreneurial profile. The hypothesis that women’s entrepreneurial profile positively influences their entrepreneurial intention was confirmed. Research limitations/implications As the study is based on an intentional, non-probabilistic sample, further research needs to be conducted using other forms of sampling, extending the findings to other contexts internationally and to other Brazilian regions. Practical implications Women can perceive whether their behavioural profile is suited to embracing entrepreneurship challenges, helping them to make effective career choices. Originality/value The study provides a robust model with high explanatory value. It contributes to the women’s entrepreneurship literature from the perspective of a Latin American developing country, offering valuable insights regarding the impact of entrepreneurial behavioural profile on women’s entrepreneurial activities.

Gender, trust and risk-taking: a literature review and proposed research model

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachid Zeffane
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hypothetical Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Propensity To Trust ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Purpose – This paper aims to review and discuss recent literature on gender, trust, risk-taking and entrepreneurship. On this basis, a hypothetical model as a basis for theoretical and hypothetical development in future research is proposed. Design/methodology/approach – This paper presents a review of the literature on gender, trust, risk-taking and entrepreneurship. A hypothetical model that can form the basis of future research in the field of entrepreneurship is developed. Findings – In recent years, the issue of gender and its effect on entrepreneurship has been the subject of much debate and controversies. While some studies have shown that gender differences tend to affect intentions to become an entrepreneur, other studies deny any significant differences in this regard. Among these, a significant number of studies reveal that women are less likely to engage in entrepreneurial activities than their male counterparts. One of the major reasons provided for these gender disparities is the tendency of women to be less predisposed to taking risk than their male counterparts. This may in itself be the resultant of gender differences in their predisposition to trust. Research limitations/implications – The arguments and proposed model are in need of empirical testing and verifications. Future research may consider and test the validity of the model. Use of structural equation modeling in this regard may prove beneficial. Practical implications – The proposed model may also be considered by governments and stakeholders vested with tasks of promoting the participation of females in entrepreneurial activities in various contexts. This would entail that the factors of risk-taking/aversion and propensity to trust be considered and alleviated. Originality/value – In examining the underlying reasons for gender differences in entrepreneurial activities, the research to date has not incorporated the interplay of risk propensity and the propensity to trust. The proposed model incorporates these to help unravel the “enigma” of gender differences in entrepreneurship.

Predictors of social entrepreneurial intention: an empirical study

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Preeti Tiwari ◽  
Anil K. Bhat ◽  
Jyoti Tikoria
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Social Entrepreneur ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Technical University ◽  
High Level ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the role of cognitive styles (CgStys) and self-efficacy (SEff) in the formation of social entrepreneurial intentions (SEIs) among the students of a premier multi-campus technical university in India using the theory of planned behaviour as the research framework. Design/methodology/approach A 54-item questionnaire was responded by 550 students. The data were collected by employing a systematic random sampling method. In the total sample of the respondents, 67 per cent (n=368) were male and 33 per cent (n=182) were female and the average age of the respondents was 20 years. Structural equation modelling has been used for data analysis. Findings The results of the study support that the relationship between antecedents (CgStys and SEff) and SEIs was mediated by the attitude towards becoming a social entrepreneur, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Findings of this research study also suggest that students with high level of SEff are more inclined towards social entrepreneurial activities. Research limitations/implications The study was confined to the students from a technical university, and it may not give the generalized findings for students from the non-technical stream. Practical implications The finding of this research study will facilitate policy makers and educators for promoting social entrepreneurial activities at the university level. Based on the results and findings of the study, the educators may improve upon the support system to help and motivate students to opt social entrepreneurship as their career choice. Originality/value This is one of its kinds of research conducted in the Indian context. Findings of this research will be helpful in predicting how the intention process of Indian students is affected by their CgStys and SEff.

scholarly journals How Does the Appeal of Environmental Values Influence Sustainable Entrepreneurial Intention?

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1070
Author(s):  
Huatao Peng ◽  
Bingbing Li ◽  
Chen Zhou ◽  
Bert M. Sadowski
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Environmental Values ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Personal Attitude ◽  
Entrepreneurial Behaviour ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities

Global challenges posed by climate change and environmental deterioration are increasingly driving entrepreneurship with sustainable entrepreneurial intention as a key driver in predicting entrepreneurial activities. Together with experience, the environmental values of an entrepreneur are vital for sustainable entrepreneurial intention. However, the extent to which experience is a key factor to start up a sustainable enterprise is still rather unclear. To study the role of experience, we derive from the theory of planned behaviour three factors (personal attitude, social norm and self-efficacy) to examine their impact on environmental values and sustainable entrepreneurial intention. Based on a meta-analysis, the overall directions and effect intensity of the different factors in this relationship can be investigated. We develop a structural equation model to explore the mechanism behind the interaction between the different variables. We utilize information from 37 scientific articles using 40 empirical samples, 117 effect sizes and 192,015 observations. We found that environmental values are indeed positively related to a sustainable entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, the relationship between environmental values and sustainable entrepreneurial intention is moderated by experience, as well as personal attitude, social norms and self-efficacy. In addition, environmental values are more positively related to the intention to set up a sustainable venture for entrepreneurs with low-experience compared to those entrepreneurs with high-experience. For policy makers and managers, it becomes important to stimulate environmental values to promote sustainable entrepreneurial intentions in order to stimulate the growth of sustainable enterprises. By enhancing these three factors, sustainable entrepreneurial behaviour can be facilitated by increasing entrepreneurs’ sustainable intention.

Gender differences in academic entrepreneurship: experience, attitudes and outcomes among NSF I-CORPS participants

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alanna Epstein ◽  
Nathalie Duval-Couetil ◽  
Aileen Huang-Saad
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Technology Commercialization ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Team Interactions

PurposeExpanding access to entrepreneurship training programs can be a method to increase female involvement in technology commercialization only if these programs adequately address the specific challenges facing female faculty and graduate students. In the context of the US National Science Foundation's Innovation Corps (NSF I-Corps) program, this study examines gender differences in prior experience and attitudes towards the training in order to propose improvements to the program design.Design/methodology/approachThis quantitative study uses Pearson's Chi-Square and ANOVA tests on survey data from the I-Corps national program (n = 2,195), which enrolls faculty members, graduate students, postdoctoral researchers and industry experts.FindingsIn comparison to male participants, female I-Corps participants reported less entrepreneurial experience prior to the program, poorer team relationships during the program and lower entrepreneurial intention and technology commercialization readiness at both the beginning and the end of the program. However, no gender differences were found in positive or negative perceptions of the instructional climate or perceptions of program usefulness.Originality/valueThis study is unique as it is based on a large-scale dataset drawn from sites across the United States. The results support potential changes to I-Corps and similar programs, including providing more explicit instructions for tasks with which female participants have less prior experience than males (e.g. in applying for patents), offering guidance for team interactions, and providing mentorship to assess whether low self-efficacy is leading women to underestimate the potential success of their projects.

Impacts of architectural education on entrepreneurial intention: a case study of senior architects from six universities in Turkey

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeynep Yeşim İlerisoy ◽  
Ali Aycı ◽  
Hilal Aycı ◽  
Esra Betül Kınacı
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Architectural Education ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Architecture Education ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intent

PurposeThe aim of the study is to investigate whether architectural education has a positive attitude toward entrepreneurship and it encourages to have management skills. The hypothesis is based on the fact that core courses in architectural education have an impact on individuals' entrepreneurial intentions.Design/methodology/approachThe correlation of design, construction and technology courses with entrepreneurship intentions, namely, learning motivation, a motivation on innovation, a progressive attitude and self-efficacy as an outcome, was investigated in senior-year students of architecture enrolled in six universities of Turkey. The data collected were analyzed through the structural equation model, which mainly focuses on the causal relationships between chosen variables.FindingsThe initial outcome is that learning motivation, attitude and self-efficacy through design courses have an effect on entrepreneurship. However, contrary to expectations, it was found that innovation does not have an effect on entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, while innovation, attitude and self-efficacy through construction courses have an impact on entrepreneurial intent, learning motivation does not. Finally, it was revealed that attitude, self-efficacy, innovation and learning motivation affect entrepreneurial intention through technology courses.Originality/valueEntrepreneurship skills are generally considered within the field of interest by business schools. Even though there exist some studies into entrepreneurial architecture education, they are few in numbers, and they usually evaluate the problem mainly through a qualitative research. This study could be regarded as a different research in terms of its traditional perspective, and it investigates the role of entrepreneurial intent in a “technical” discipline such as architecture.

scholarly journals Análise dos constructos comportamentais do empreendedorismo sustentável de estudantes universitários brasileiros

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 718
Author(s):  
Luis Eduardo Brandão Paiva ◽  
Tereza Cristina Batista de Lima ◽  
Silvia Maria Dias Pedro Rebouças ◽  
Rômulo Alves Soares
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Sustainable Entrepreneurship ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intent ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The University ◽  
Behavioral Constructs

Research on entrepreneurial intention stands out in the academic context and addresses several determinants related to the behavioral nature influencing entrepreneurship. Consequently, the following behavioral constructs were used for sustainable entrepreneurship: attitude towards self-employment; orientation towards sustainability; propensity to innovate; barriers and facilities for entrepreneurial activities; and entrepreneurs in the immediate family. This study aimed to analyze the influence of the behavioral constructs of sustainable entrepreneurship on the entrepreneurial intentions of university students. Based on a sample of 318 students enrolled on an administration course at the Federal University of Ceará, statistical techniques of data analysis were applied, namely factorial analysis, inferential statistics (t-test and Mann-Whitney test), logistic regression and Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Three hypotheses were constructed in this study based on the literature: (i) there is a positive influence between the orientation towards the sustainability of university students and their entrepreneurial intention, (ii) there is a positive influence between the propensity to innovate and the entrepreneurial intention of the university students, and (iii) having entrepreneurs in the immediate family contributes positively to the entrepreneurial intent of university students. It was noted that, in general, students most likely to have entrepreneurial intent are those most concerned with environmental issues, that are stimulating and original, and have immediate relatives that are entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals Gender as moderator of the influence of tourists’ risk perception on destination image and visit intentions

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rita Rosa Carballo ◽  
Carmelo Javier León ◽  
María Magdalena Carballo
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Perceptions ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Group Analysis ◽  
Destination Image ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Behavioural Intentions ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
The Impact

Purpose This paper aims to study the influence of gender on the theoretical and empirical relationships between tourists’ risk perceptions and both destination image and behavioural intentions. Design/methodology/approach An empirical study was carried out with potential tourists at home in Germany and the UK considering travelling to Spain, Egypt, Morocco, Brazil, Colombia and Indonesia. Data were analysed using structural equation modelling with multi-group analysis. Findings Results show that gender moderates the theoretical relationships between risk perception and both destination image and behavioural intentions. Risk perception is higher for women than for men and depends on the type of risks and the characteristics of the destination. Women are more likely than men to reduce their visit to a destination whenever there is an increase in their risk perceptions. However, the influence of risk perception on destination image is higher for men than for women. Thus, results prove there are significant gender differences in the theoretical relationships between risk perceptions and destination image and visiting intentions. Originality/value This paper provides new evidence on the gender differences in risk perceptions in tourism and their impact on destination image and visiting intentions, showing that whenever there are higher risks at a tourist destination women do change more than men their behavioural intentions. The results are useful for designing risk management and promotion policies at destinations that avoid the masculinisation bias, thereby considering the impact of gender differences on travel behaviour and consumption decisions.

scholarly journals Post-materialistic values and entrepreneurial intention – the case of Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Alammari ◽  
Robert Newbery ◽  
Mohamed Yacine Haddoud ◽  
Emily Beaumont
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intentions ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Materialistic Values

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how cultural values influence the entrepreneurial process. It conceptualises the relationship between post-materialistic values and entrepreneurial intention to explain low entrepreneurial activity.Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted in Saudi Arabia with non-entrepreneurs. An online survey returned 405 valid questionnaires, representing a 27 per cent response rate. The data were analysed using partial least structural equation modelling.FindingsThe paper identifies key factors that explain the influence of changing cultural values on entrepreneurial activity. The results show that post-materialistic values influence entrepreneurial intention by decreasing desirability and entrepreneurial self-efficacy.Research limitations/implicationsThe study conceptualises the interplay between cultural values and entrepreneurial intention in Saudi Arabia. Further insights can be developed by comparing Saudi Arabia with other countries. The study was conducted as a “snapshot” of the current situation of entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia with a cross-sectional survey design.Practical implicationsThe paper holds important implications for entrepreneurship educators when addressing unsupportive cultures for entrepreneurial activity. Cultural and motivational approaches are suggested. While the former focuses on aspects that encourage the desire and confidence to start a business, the latter involves encouraging setting venture creation as a goal.Originality/valuePrevious studies indicated that post-materialistic values negatively influence entrepreneurship; this paper contributes further by exploring how this relationship manifests by exploring the intervening factors between post-materialistic values and entrepreneurial intention. It advances entrepreneurship research by investigating deep assumptions underlying the formulation of entrepreneurial intentions. It also responds to the need to understand the difference in the levels of entrepreneurial activity across countries.

Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, need for achievement and entrepreneurial intention among commerce students in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahadur Ali Soomro ◽  
Naimatullah Shah
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Need For Achievement ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Commerce Students

PurposeThe present study undertook an empirical investigation of entrepreneurship education, self-efficacy, need for achievement and entrepreneurial intention among Pakistan's commerce students.Design/methodology/approachThe authors applied quantitative methods based on cross-sectional data. The commerce students of the different public sector universities are targeted through a random sampling technique. The authors used a survey questionnaire to attain the responses from respondents. Finally, 184 usable cases are utilized to assume the hypothesized paths.FindingsBy applying the structural equation modeling (SEM), the findings of the study demonstrate a significant positive effect of constructs of entrepreneurship education (EE), that is, opportunity recognition (OR) and entrepreneurship knowledge acquisition (EKA) on entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE), entrepreneurial intention (EI) and need for achievement (NFA). Besides, ESE and NFA are found to be the robust predictors of EI.Practical implicationsThe findings provide significant guidelines to policy-makers and university authorities for developing useful EE courses to uplift and boost students' skills to face today's considerable business and entrepreneurship challenges. The study also helps to generate eagerness among students in selecting entrepreneurship as a career option.Originality/valueThis study suggests the confirmation of EE's significant role in developing ESE, NFA and EI among commerce students.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document