Valuation effects of REIT mergers and the role of diversification

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-438
Author(s):  
John C. Alexander ◽  
Thomas M. Springer
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Wealth Effects ◽  
Geographic Diversification ◽  
Real Estate Investment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Valuation Effects ◽  
Property Type ◽  
Value Changes

Purpose Merging two real estate investment trusts (REITs) consolidates two real estate portfolios. The purpose of this paper is to provide further evidence on the market’s valuation of property type and geographic diversification of REITs by looking at the diversification impact of mergers involving domestic REITs in the Modern REIT era (post 1992). Design/methodology/approach The authors classify equity REIT mergers according to whether they maintain portfolio focus or alter their focus with respect to the geography and property type distribution of the underlying real estate. Then, using a domestic REIT index, the authors examine abnormal returns around the merger announcement to ascertain how portfolio changes affect value. Findings Although the results show no abnormal returns to the combined REIT for the 126 mergers in the sample, mergers that maintain geographic focus and alter the property focus contribute positively to the abnormal returns. Acquiring REITs show negative abnormal returns for mergers that either diversify geography or maintain property focus. Target REITs earn positive abnormal returns no matter the diversification impact of the merger. Research limitations/implications The results suggest that changes to the composition of the REIT’s property portfolio have valuation implications. The results suggest that during the modern REIT Era, property diversification created positive wealth effects for the acquirer. Originality/value This research adds to the evidence on how REIT investors value changes in the diversification of the underlying properties, and implies that the investor perception of portfolio effects from mergers may vary over time as the REIT industry expands and consolidates.

Effectiveness of rent recovery strategies on residential real estate in Ibadan, Nigeria

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adedayo Ayodeji Odebode ◽  
Timothy Tunde Oladokun ◽  
Oyeronke Toyin Ogunbayo ◽  
Joseph Bamidele Oyedele
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Real Estate Investment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Property Type ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Estate Property

PurposeThe upward rise of the prolonged payback period and the inability of the project to generate estimated income that has been linked with the irregular rent payments has been a major problem confronting real estate investment. Given the fact that real estate investment is a risky investment venture with a highly uncertain future stream of income, this paper examines the effectiveness of rent recovery strategies in the emerging Nigeria residential real estate practice.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed an exploratory research design. The study identified the five recovery strategies adopted by the estate surveying and valuation firms in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. The study adopts a purposive sampling method to select 52 registered estate firms in the study area and a questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale was used to elicit information. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.FindingsThe result showed that the rent recovery strategies adopted by the respondents include email approach, rent reminder notice, adequate maintenance, eviction notice and dialogue approach. The perceived top-rated strategies that could influence estimated income were dialogue and rent reminder notice. Also, the findings showed the factors that influence the choice of strategy are property type, company policy and the proportion of rent to the tenant's income.Practical implicationsThe study has an implication for real estate investors and property practitioners regarding the willingness of the investors to invest in real estate investment.Originality/valueThis paper is relevant given the fact that the rental property market is prone to risk that could impede the regular streamflow of income. This serves as a need for examination of the effectiveness of adopted rent recovery strategies as it relates to real estate property management practice and investment viability.

Potential for optimising organisational structures in the technical due diligence for real estate transactions in Germany

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannis Steffen Oetken ◽  
Christian Hofstadler ◽  
Felix Meckmann
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Transaction Management ◽  
Due Diligence ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Transaction Process ◽  
Organisational Structures

PurposeThe individual levels involved in real estate management are thoroughly discussed in the literature. This paper provides a structured meta-analysis of the different theoretical approaches in German-speaking countries. It also investigates the integration of transaction management and technical due diligence into the concepts of organisation theory. In this process, the interfaces are analysed and optimised models are developed for transferring the technical due diligence findings to the operational level.Design/methodology/approachInterviews with transaction management experts were conducted based on a narrative literature review. These interviews shed light on how the components of transaction management and due diligence are integrated into the transaction process, with a particular focus on technical due diligence. They also provide insights into how the related results are taken into account in relation to the transaction, and how they are transferred into the operational phase.FindingsIt becomes apparent that the role of transaction management is not clearly defined and delimited in the structural model of the real estate industry. Technical due diligence findings are usually transferred to the operation of the property via several, manual interfaces with corresponding losses of knowledge. The related models derived and developed for the purpose of operational optimisation define the role of transaction management against a technical background and identify the interfaces to be considered.Practical implicationsThe significance of transaction management for subsequent operations is discussed and elaborated on. More specifically, transferring safety-relevant, high-priority findings from the technical due diligence exercise plays a crucial role for the modelling stage. On the implementation level, the derived models serve as a basis for customising the internal organisational structure.Originality/valueIn Germany, there has hardly been any research into the involvement of technical experts in the real estate transaction process to date. This paper provides initial approaches to optimising organisational structures and sustainably integrating technical due diligence findings into real estate operations.

New product announcement: spokesperson a manifestation of increasing firm value

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1635-1655
Author(s):  
Bikram Jit Singh Mann ◽  
Sonia Babbar
Keyword(s):  
Event Study ◽  
Firm Value ◽  
Source Credibility ◽  
Shareholder Value ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
New Product ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
The Impact

Purpose Before introducing new products, companies make announcements regarding the launch of the product which influences stock market yields of the announcing companies. Information content of the new product announcement has never been an exclusive focused stream of research. Therefore, an assessment of the impact of the content characteristics of the new product announcement on the shareholder value and the impact of source credibility (spokesperson) in making such announcements is a major gap in the existing literature. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach First, the standard event study methodology has been employed on the sample to measure the abnormal gains/losses accruing to the announcing firms. Second, moderated regression analysis (MRA) is employed to identify the characteristics of the new product announcement and to check the role of the spokesperson in creating shareholder value. Findings The results of the event study indicate that the abnormal returns are generated during the new product announcement. The results of MRA disclose the variables having a positive and a significant influence on the effective returns of the announcing companies. Likewise, the role of the spokesperson has come out brightly as a credible communicator. Originality/value The research provides a direction to the announcing companies regarding the content of the announcement leading to a positive perception among the investing community. Likewise, it also provides direction to the investor community about the characteristics of the announcement content they give weight age in forming a perception of strength in evaluating the new product announcement, to which they are largely unaware.

Cross-listing of real estate investment trusts (REITs)

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-527
Author(s):  
Kim Hin David Ho ◽  
Kwame Addae-Dapaah ◽  
Fang Rui Lina Peck
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Foreign Market ◽  
Real Estate Investment Trusts ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Risk Exposure ◽  
Real Estate Investment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cross Listing ◽  
Market Beta ◽  
The Cross

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the common stock price reaction and the changes to the risk exposure of the cross-listing for real estate investment trusts (REITs). Design/methodology/approach The paper adopts the event study methodology to assess the abnormal returns (ARs). Pre- and post-cross-listing changes in the risk exposure for the domestic and foreign markets are examined, via a modified two-factor international asset pricing model. A comparison is made for two broad cross-listings, namely, the depositary receipts and the dual ordinary listings, to examine the impacts from institutional differences. Findings Cross-listed REITs generally experience positive and significant ARs throughout the event window, implying significant superior returns associated with the cross-listing for REITs. On systematic risks, REITs exhibit significant decline in their domestic market β coefficients after the cross-listing. However, the foreign market β coefficients do not yield conclusive evidence when compared across the sample. Research limitations/implications Results are consistent with prudential asset allocation for potential diversification gains from the cross-listing, as the reduction from the domestic market beta is more significant than changes in the foreign market beta. Practical implications The results and findings should incentivise REIT managers to explore viable cross-listing. Social implications Such cross-listing for REITs should enhance risk diversification. Originality/value This is a pioneer study on cross-listing of REITs. It provides a basis for investment decision making, and could provoke further research and discussion.

Intermediation in Private Equity: The Role of Placement Agents

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 1095-1116
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Cain ◽  
Stephen B. McKeon ◽  
Steven Davidoff Solomon
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Information Asymmetry ◽  
Private Equity ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Illiquid Investments ◽  
First Time ◽  
High Information

Intermediation in private equity involves illiquid investments, professional investors, and high information asymmetry. We use this unique setting to empirically evaluate theoretical predictions regarding intermediation. Using placement agents has become nearly ubiquitous, but agents are associated with significantly lower abnormal returns in venture and real estate funds, consistent with investor capture and influence peddling. However, returns are higher for buyout funds employing a top-tier agent and for first-time real estate and venture funds employing an agent, and are less volatile for agent-affiliated funds, consistent with a certification role. Our results suggest heterogeneous motives for intermediation in the private equity industry.

The role of investment property appraisal in European real estate companies

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
Juha Mäki
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Annual Reports ◽  
Real Estate Industry ◽  
Publicly Traded ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This paper aims to examine the connection between appraisals of investment properties and earnings properties in companies from two perspectives: what kinds of companies employ the most reputable appraisers and how appraisers produce estimations. Design/methodology/approach The research uses annual reports of European Union (EU) publicly traded real estate companies and examines the period 2007-2016. Findings The contribution of this study lies in establishing that some indicators and features of real estate companies affect the choice of appraiser and also in illustrating differences in the results of property valuations. In short, smaller companies with weaker performance are less willing to use external valuation, and external appraisers produce more conservative estimations for investment properties. Practical implications The research produces beneficial information for investors and other stakeholders interested in the real estate industry. Originality/value This is the first novel study to examine the link between appraisals of investment properties and earnings properties in companies in detail.

Underpricing and market timing in SEOs of European REITs and REOCs

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-180
Author(s):  
Felix Lorenz
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Lower Cost ◽  
Market Timing ◽  
Seasoned Equity Offerings ◽  
Equity Offerings ◽  
Real Estate Investment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Price Discounts ◽  
Property Companies ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the literature on seasoned equity offerings (SEOs) by examining the underpricing of European real estate corporations and identifying determinants explaining the phenomenon of setting the offer price at a discount at SEOs. Design/methodology/approach With a sample of 470 SEOs of European real estate investment trusts (REITs) and real estate operating companies (REOCs) from 2004 to 2018, multivariate regression models are applied to test for theories on the pricing of SEOs. This paper furthermore tests for differences in underpricing for REITs and REOCs as well as specialized and diversified property companies. Findings Significant underpricing of 3.06 percent is found, with REITs (1.90 percent) being statistically less underpriced than REOCs (5.08 percent). The findings support the market timing theory by showing that managers trying to time the equity market gain from lower underpricing. Furthermore, underwritten offerings are more underpriced to reduce the risk of the arranging bank, but top-tier underwriters are able to reduce offer price discounts by being more successful in attracting investors. The results cannot support the value uncertainty hypothesis, but they are in line with placement cost stories. In addition, specialized property companies are subject to lower underpricing. Practical implications An optimal issuance strategy taking into account timing, relative offer size and the choice of the underwriter can minimize the amount of “money left on the table” and therefore contribute to the lower cost of raising capital. Originality/value This is the first study to investigate SEO underpricing for European real estate corporations, pricing differences of REITs and REOCs in seasoned offerings and the effect of market timing on the pricing of SEOs.

Firm location and systematic risk: the real estate channel

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-409
Author(s):  
Xiang Gao ◽  
John Topuz
Keyword(s):  
Asset Pricing ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Abnormal Returns ◽  
Systematic Risk ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Firm Risk ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Land Availability ◽  
Real Estate Prices

Purpose This paper aims to investigate whether the cyclicality of local real estate prices affects the systematic risk of local firms using a geography-based measure of land availability as a quasi-exogenous proxy for real estate price cyclicality. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses the geography-based land availability measure as a proxy for the procyclicality of real estate prices and the location of a firm’s headquarters as a proxy for the location of its real estate assets. Four-factor asset pricing model (market, size, value and momentum factors) is used to examine whether firms headquartered in more land-constrained metropolitan statistical areas have higher systematic risks. Findings The results show that real estate prices are more procyclical in areas with lower land availability and firms headquartered in these areas have higher systematic risk. This effect is more pronounced for firms with higher real estate holdings as a ratio of their tangible assets. Moreover, there are no abnormal returns to trading strategies based on land availability, consistent with stock market betas reflecting this local real estate factor. Research limitations/implications This paper contributes to the literature on local asset pricing factors, the collateral role of firms’ real estate holdings and the co-movement of security prices of geographically close firms. Practical implications This paper has important managerial implications by showing that, when firms decide on the location of their buildings (e.g. headquarters building, manufacturing plant and retail outlet), the location’s influence on systematic risk should be part of the decision-making process. Originality/value This paper is among the first to use a geography-based measure of land availability to study whether the procyclicality of local real estate prices influences firm risk independent of the procyclicality of the local economy. Thus, both the portfolio formed and firm-level analyses provide a more direct evidence of the positive relation between the procyclicality of local real estate prices and firm risk.

The need for more research on the Asian real estate markets

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Newell
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Research Agenda ◽  
Real Estate Investment ◽  
High Quality ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Quality Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Real Estate Markets ◽  
Research Opportunities ◽  
Real Estate Research

PurposeThe Asian real estate markets have grown considerably in recent years and have taken on increased investment importance, particularly with significant developments in the emerging markets in Asia. This paper assesses the opportunities for more research on the Asian real estate markets, by highlighting the significance of Asia real estate, the drivers behind this growth and the unique opportunities this presents for high-quality real estate research, by both local researchers and their international colleagues. Strategies for delivering this research agenda are also identified.Design/methodology/approachThis research is based on a thorough understanding of the Asian real estate markets, based on my own research agenda, personal interactions, insights and extensive discussions with real estate leaders in the Asian markets. This is supported by a clear understanding of the real estate research opportunities in the Asian markets and the strategies needed to deliver this research agenda in an effective manner.FindingsA range of real estate research areas are identified to increase the level of Asian real estate research. This sees research opportunities around key areas such as market dynamics, real estate investment vehicles, alternate real estate sectors, infrastructure and sustainability. Strategies for expanding this level of research for both local and international real estate researchers are also identified.Practical implicationsWith the Asian real estate markets taking on more importance with many international real estate investors, it is important to see more high-quality research into these dynamic real estate markets. This research will see a fuller understanding of these Asian real estate markets to enable more informed real estate investment decision-making.Originality/valueThe need for more high-quality research into the Asian real estate markets is clearly presented, with enabling strategies to achieve this agenda identified. This will see expanded research opportunities to critically research these unique real estate markets and produce high-quality research publications.

Does “clean” pay off? Housing markets and their perception of heating technology

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 575-596
Author(s):  
Jonas Hahn ◽  
Jens Hirsch ◽  
Sven Bienert
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Real Estate ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Price Premium ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Heating Technology

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of distinct types of heating technology and their price impact in German residential real estate markets, considering a wide range of other housing market determinants. The authors aim to test and to verify specifically, whether the obsolescence of heating technology leads to a significant price discount and whether higher technological standards (and environmental friendliness) come with a price premium on the market.Design/methodology/approachThe authors create housing market models for rental and sales segments by constructing generalized additive models with explicit multi-layered spatial components. To elaborate a profound and contemporary answer using these models, the authors perform large-sample regression analyses based on more than 400,000 observations covering German residential properties in 2015.FindingsFirst and foremost, the heating system indeed shows significant explanatory importance for measuring housing rents and purchasing price. Second, the authors find that it makes a difference whether clean “green” technologies are implemented or whether “brown” systems with obsolete technology or fossil energy sources is on hand. Ultimately, the authors conclude that while low energy consumption indeed comes with a price premium, this needs to be interpreted together with the property’s heating type, as housing markets seem to outweigh the “green premium” by “brown discounts” if low energy consumption figures are powered by a certain type of heating technology system.Research limitations/implicationsAside of a possible omitted variable bias, the main research limitation is constituted by the integration of asking prices in the analysis, as actual transaction prices are not systematically transparent on national level in Germany. Limitations are discussed at the end of the paper.Practical implicationsThis work supports investors who face the challenge of making environmental- and energy-related decisions as well as appraisers who deliver financial fundamentals for such. Third, the paper supports both asset managers as well as investment strategists in argumentation pro-environmental investments beyond all ecological necessity.Social implicationsThis paper contributes to the current discussion on climate change and the eclectic role of real estate in this context. The authors deliver evidence on pricing effects as a measure of socioeconomic acceptance of progressive heating technology and environmental friendliness as an imperative of twenty-first century societies.Originality/valueThis is the first study on “green premiums” or “brown discounts” that includes heating technology as a potential and distinct driver of value and rents. It is a contemporary contribution and delivers original information on the quantitative impact of contemporary and anachronistic technology in heating to researchers as well as investors and appraisers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document