Glycemic response of Emblica officinalis powder-incorporated Indian recipes

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shonima Venugopal ◽  
Uma Iyer ◽  
Richa Sanghvi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Emblica Officinalis ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Capillary Sampling ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Overnight Fasting

Purpose Glycemic index (GI) is a physiological basis for ranking carbohydrate foods based on the blood glucose responses they produce after ingestion. Emblica officinalis (E. officinalis) is a medicinal plant that purportedly has hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic properties. This study aims to determine the glycemic and lipemic responses of freeze-dried E. officinalis powder-incorporated recipes. Design/methodology/approach Two sets of four equicarbohydrate (50 g) recipes (vegetable cutlet, handvo, muthiya and methi thepla) were developed, one without E. officinalis powder incorporation (standard) and one with E. officinalis powder incorporation at the 2 g level (test). After overnight fasting, 50 g glucose, standard and test recipes were administered to healthy adult volunteers at different instances (each 3–4 days apart) and blood glucose levels were measured using capillary sampling every 15 min for 2 h. The glycemic response and GI values were then calculated. Findings Among the standard recipes, lowest glycemic response was obtained by methi thepla (60.90 ± 15.54) and highest glycemic response by handvo (90.57 ± 33.88). Incorporation of E. officinalis powder brought about a non-significant reduction in the GI of methi thepla (p = 0.94), vegetable cutlet (p = 0.54), muthiya (p = 0.69) and handvo (p = 0.09). Maximum per cent reduction was for handvo, which shifted from the high to medium GI category. The lipemic response was lowest with muthiya, showing a fall in triacylglycerol (TG) levels (3.9%). E. officinalis powder incorporation in muthiya led to a further fall (7.8%) in TG levels. Originality/value Incorporation of freeze-dried E. officinalis powder in Indian recipes can bring about a reduction in the postprandial glycemic and lipemic responses.

scholarly journals Degradation of Incretins and Modulation of Blood Glucose Levels by Periodontopathic Bacterial Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4

2017 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Ohara-Nemoto ◽  
Manami Nakasato ◽  
Yu Shimoyama ◽  
Tomomi T. Baba ◽  
Takeshi Kobayakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Molecular Events

ABSTRACT Severe periodontitis is known to aggravate diabetes mellitus, though molecular events related to that link have not been fully elucidated. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major pathogen of periodontitis, expresses dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), which is involved in regulation of blood glucose levels by cleaving incretins in humans. We examined the enzymatic characteristics of DPP4 from P. gingivalis as well as two other periodontopathic bacteria, Tannerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia, and determined whether it is capable of regulating blood glucose levels. Cell-associated DPP4 activity was found in those microorganisms, which was effectively suppressed by inhibitors of human DPP4, and molecules sized 73 kDa in P. gingivalis, and 71 kDa in T. forsythia and P. intermedia were immunologically detected. The k cat/Km values of recombinant DPP4s ranged from 721 ± 55 to 1,283 ± 23 μM−1s−1 toward Gly-Pro-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (MCA), while those were much lower for His-Ala-MCA. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) analysis showed His/Tyr-Ala dipeptide release from the N termini of incretins, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, respectively, with the action of microbial DPP4. Moreover, intravenous injection of DPP4 into mice decreased plasma active GLP-1 and insulin levels, accompanied by a substantial elevation in blood glucose over the control after oral glucose administration. These results are the first to show that periodontopathic bacterial DPP4 is capable of modulating blood glucose levels the same as mammalian DPP4; thus, the incidence of periodontopathic bacteremia may exacerbate diabetes mellitus via molecular events of bacterial DPP4 activities.

Perioperative blood glucose concentrations in kittens following overnight fasting and gonadectomy

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-348
Author(s):  
Danielle N Semick ◽  
Stephanie L Shaver ◽  
Heather N Cornell ◽  
Nancy C Bradley ◽  
Rachael E Kreisler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Prolonged Fast ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

Objectives The objective of this study was to determine if hypoglycemia is an effect of overnight fasting and gonadectomy in kittens, as well as to determine predictors of baseline and postoperative blood glucose. Methods This was a prospective observational study. Seventy-five kittens between the age of 8 and 16 weeks undergoing routine castration or ovariohysterectomy at an animal shelter were included. Two blood glucose measurements were analyzed per kitten after an overnight fast: a baseline reading prior to preoperative examination, and a reading immediately postoperatively. Predictors of the baseline and postoperative blood glucose levels were determined using multi-level mixed-effects linear regression. Results Kittens, when fasted overnight, were not hypoglycemic (<60 mg/dl). No kittens exhibited clinical signs consistent with hypoglycemia. No kittens had a blood glucose <70 mg/dl postoperatively. Postoperative hyperglycemia (>150 mg/dl) was observed in 44% of kittens. The only predictor of fasted blood glucose levels was body condition score. The only predictor of postoperative blood glucose levels was the fasting blood glucose value. Conclusions and relevance Overnight fasting prior to elective sterilization in 8- to 16-week-old kittens did not result in hypoglycemia. Concern regarding hypoglycemia after a prolonged fast in kittens may be unwarranted for short procedures in healthy animals.

scholarly journals Markers of glycemic control in the mouse: comparisons of 6-h- and overnight-fasted blood glucoses to Hb A1c

2008 ◽  
Vol 295 (4) ◽  
pp. E981-E986 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byoung Geun Han ◽  
Chuan-Ming Hao ◽  
Elena E. Tchekneva ◽  
Ying-Ying Wang ◽  
Chieh Allen Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Control ◽  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Monitoring ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Method R

The present studies examined the relationship between fasting blood glucose and Hb A1cin C57BL/6J, DBA/2J, and KK/HlJ mice with and without diabetes mellitus. Daily averaged blood glucose levels based on continuous glucose monitoring and effects of 6-h vs. overnight fasting on blood glucose were determined. Daily averaged blood glucose levels were highly correlated with Hb A1c, as determined with a hand-held automated device using an immunodetection method. R2values were 0.90, 0.95, and 0.99 in KK/HIJ, C57BL/6J, and DBA/2J, respectively. Six-hour fasting blood glucose correlated more closely with the level of daily averaged blood glucose and with Hb A1cthan did blood glucose following an overnight fast. To validate the immunoassay-determined Hb A1c, we also measured total glycosylated hemoglobin using boronate HPLC. Hb A1cvalues correlated well with total glycosylated hemoglobin in all three strains but were relatively lower than total glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic DBA/2J mice. These results show that 6-h fasting glucose provides a superior index of glycemic control and correlates more closely with Hb A1cthan overnight-fasted blood glucose in these strains of mice.

Jew's Mellow Leaves (Corchorus olitorius) Suppress Elevation of Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels in Rats and Humans

2005 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Innami ◽  
Hiroshi Ishida ◽  
Kahoru Nakamura ◽  
Mika Kondo ◽  
Kimiko Tabata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Intestinal Membrane ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose Level

The study was performed to explore the suppressive effect of Jew's mellow leaves (JML) on postprandial blood glucose levels in rats and humans. A soluble dietary fiber (SDF) was extracted from the freeze-dried JML powder. An elevation of the postprandial blood glucose level in rats given 1% or 2% JML-SDF solution orally together with 20% glucose solution was significantly suppressed as compared with that observed in the control rats given only glucose solution. When seven healthy young male adults ingested 225 mL of JML mixed juice containing 15 g of freeze-dried powder with 75 g of glucose in the fasting state in the morning, the elevation of the postprandial blood glucose level was significantly suppressed as compared with the control subjects. The diffusion rate of glucose and the permeation rate of glucose in the cultured Caco-2 cells were both significantly reduced by the addition of appropriate amounts of JML-SDF when compared to the controls. These results indicate that the effective substance in JML for suppressing blood glucose elevation is a kind of mucilaginous SDF. The mechanism by which this suppression occurs may be largely attributable to the delayed absorption of glucose from the intestinal membrane in the upper digestive tract by viscous SDF.

scholarly journals Effect of Intake of Food Hydrocolloids of Bacterial Origin on the Glycemic Response in Humans: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2407
Author(s):  
Norah A. Alshammari ◽  
Moira A. Taylor ◽  
Rebecca Stevenson ◽  
Ourania Gouseti ◽  
Jaber Alyami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Xanthan Gum ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Glycemic Response ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Bacterial Origin ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Cooking Process ◽  
The Impact

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by increased blood glucose levels from dysfunctional carbohydrate metabolism. Dietary intervention can help to prevent and manage the disease. Food hydrocolloids have been shown to have favorable properties in relation to glycaemic regulation. However, the use of food hydrocolloids of bacterial origin to modulate glucose responses is much less explored than other types of hydrocolloids. We, therefore, carried out the first review examining the impact of intake of food hydrocolloids of bacterial origin (as a direct supplement or incorporated into foods) on glycemic response in humans. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria. They used either xanthan gum, pullulan, or dextran as interventions. There was a wide variation in the amount of hydrocolloid supplementation provided and methods of preparation. Postprandial blood glucose responses were reduced in half of the studies, particularly at higher intake levels and longer chain hydrocolloids. When xanthan gum was added to the cooking process of muffins and rice, a significant reduction in postprandial blood glucose was observed. The use of these hydrocolloids is potentially effective though more research is needed in this area.

Radioautographic Analysis of the Intralobular and Intracellular Distribution of Newly Formed Hepatic Glycogen After Injection of 3H-Galactose

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 164-165
Author(s):  
J. E. Michaels ◽  
J. T. Hung ◽  
R. R. Cardell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Liver Glycogen ◽  
Intracellular Distribution ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucocorticoid Hormone ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Sugar Levels

In normal animals glycogen levels in the liver are closely related to blood sugar levels. High levels of glucose in the blood stimulate uptake of glucose by liver hepatocytes and synthesis of glycogen whereas low blood glucose levels result in breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the blood. After adrenalectomy and overnight fasting, liver glycogen levels in the rat are reduced to about 0.03%. The adrenalectomized rat is easily stimulated to form new glycogen by injection of a glucocorticoid hormone such as dexamethasone (DEX).

The effect of fermented goat milk (kefir) fortified with vitamin D3 on total leukocyte levels in diabetic Rattus norvegicus rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reny Marlina ◽  
Binar Panunggal ◽  
Gemala Anjani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Vitamin D3 ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Leukocyte Count ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Total Leukocyte Count ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Leukocyte Counts

Purpose Hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus increases inflammation through pancreatic beta-cell destruction. Goat milk (kefir) and vitamin D3 have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can reduce pancreatic beta cells. Increase in total leukocyte count is one of the inflammatory and complication markers of diabetes. This study aims to analyze the effect of fermented goat milk (kefir) fortified with vitamin D3 on total leukocyte counts in diabetic brown rat (Rattus norvegicus). Design/methodology/approach An experimental design with pre- and post-test methodology of control and experimental groups was used. A total of 24 male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: negative control (K−), positive control (K+), kefir treatment (P1) and kefir fortified with vitamin D3 treatment (P2). The control group consisted of healthy rats; the other groups consisted of rats which were given streptozotocin–nicotinamide injections. Before and after intervention, fasting blood glucose levels and total leukocytes counts were measured. Blood glucose levels were analyzed using the GOD–PAP method and leukocyte counts were analyzed using an automatic hematological analyzer. Findings There was a significant decrease in total leukocyte counts in the P2 group (from 26.5 ± 7.7 to 20.4 ± 10.4 [p < 0.05]). However, the decrease in leukocyte count in theP1 group was not significant (from 22.1 ± 9.3 to 16.5 ± 6.2). The decrease in blood glucose levels in theP2 group was −81.4 ± 203.0 but not significant. Originality/value Kefir with vitamin D3 fortification can significantly reduce total leukocyte counts in diabetes.

Insulin reduction of cerebral infarction due to transient focal ischemia

1995 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark G. Hamilton ◽  
Bruce I. Tranmer ◽  
Roland N. Auer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Focal Ischemia ◽  
Artery Occlusion ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Transient Focal Ischemia ◽  
Cerebral Artery Occlusion ◽  
Total Damage

✓ Insulin has recently been shown to ameliorate damage in models of global brain ischemia. To determine whether insulin is also neuroprotective in focal ischemia, 20 rats were given 2 to 3 IU/kg insulin and 10 did not receive treatment prior to normothermic transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 hours at a blood pressure of 60 mm Hg. To further elucidate whether infarction volume is influenced by variations in blood glucose levels within the physiological range, blood glucose was raised in 10 of the insulin-treated animals to levels comparable with the untreated controls. At 1-week survival, damage was assessed using quantitative neuropathological examination of 25 coronal planes. It was found that preischemic insulin lowered the mean intraischemic blood glucose level from 8.4 ± 0.2 mM (µ ± standard error of the mean) in the control group to 3.4 ± 0.2 mM and reduced total damage (atrophy plus cortical and striatal necrosis), expressed as the percentage of the normal hemisphere, from a control of 28.5% ± 2.9% to 14.5% ± 1.6% (p < 0.005). Coadministration of glucose and insulin resulted in a mean intraischemic blood glucose level of 10.1 ± 0.5 mM, with 27.0% ± 2.4% total damage (p = 0.96, compared with control). Total ischemic damage showed an independent correlation with blood glucose levels (r = 0.67, p = 0.0018). The findings indicate that insulin benefits transient focal ischemia and that reducing the blood glucose from 8 to 9 mM to the low-normal range of 3 to 4 mM with insulin dramatically reduces subsequent infarction. The data suggest that the neuroprotective mechanism of insulin action in focal middle cerebral artery occlusion is mediated predominantly via alterations in blood glucose levels. In comparison to global ischemia, focal ischemia appears to show only a minor direct central nervous system effect of insulin. In clinical situations in which transient focal ischemia to the hemisphere can be anticipated, insulin-induced hypoglycemia of a mild degree may be beneficial.

Optimal blood glucose levels while using insulin to minimize the size of infarction in focal cerebral ischemia

2004 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Z. Zhu ◽  
Roland N. Auer
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Blood Sugar ◽  
Focal Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Neuronal Necrosis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Cerebral Necrosis ◽  
Fine Print

Object. Insulin has been shown to ameliorate cerebral necrosis in global and, more recently, in focal cerebral ischemia. The goal of this study was to determine the relationship between this neuroprotective effect and blood sugar levels in a rat model of focal ischemia. Methods. Thirty-four rats were subjected to 80 minutes of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion at a mean arterial blood pressure of 60 mm Hg and a temperature of 37°C. Insulin (3.5 IU/kg) was administered 1 hour before (12 rats) and 20 minutes after (12 rats) ischemia; 10 animals served as controls. A quantitative histopathological study conducted after 1 week of survival showed that insulin was not beneficial in reducing the size of the infarction or selective neuronal necrosis in the penumbra when administered before or after ischemia. In addition to infarction, six animals from the insulin-treated groups had bilateral selective neuronal necrosis in the hippocampus or the neocortex. A nonlinear regression analysis in which glucose levels were compared with both cortical necrosis and total infarction yielded a U-shaped curve with a nadir for cerebral necrosis that lay in the 6- to 7-mM blood glucose range. The increased brain damage induced by insulin occurred in animals with very low blood sugar values in the range of 2 to 3 mM. Conclusions. These results in rats indicate that if insulin is used following ischemia, blood glucose levels should be maintained at approximately 6 to 7 mM. From these data one can infer that hypoglycemia of less than 3 mM should be avoided in situations of focal cerebral ischemia in which insulin is used. Additional animal studies and clinical trials in humans are needed to study the effects of insulin on ischemia.

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